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Using extracellular stimuli we evoked calcium transients corresponding to parallel fiber beam activity. This beam activity triggered prolonged calcium transients in interneurons, consistent with in vitro evidence for synaptic activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors via glutamate spillover. We also observed spontaneous calcium transients in Purkinje cell dendrites that were identified as climbing-fiber-evoked calcium spikes by their size, time course, and sensitivity to AMPA receptor antagonist. Two-photon calcium imaging of bulk-loaded cerebellar cortex is thus well suited to optically monitor synaptic processing in the intact cerebellum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01013.2004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,21]],"date-time":"2005-04-21T00:25:12Z","timestamp":1114043112000},"page":"1636-1644","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Circuit Activity in Cerebellar Cortex"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Megan R.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Nimmerjahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry V.","family":"Sarkisov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fritjof","family":"Helmchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel S.-H.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(71)90051-4"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000121772"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-003-1138-4"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-04-02777.1995"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-12-04423.2000"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castejon OJ, Dailey ME, Apkarian RP, and Castejon HV.Correlative microscopy of cerebellar Bergmann glial cells.J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol34: 131\u2013142, 2002.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927602107057"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02442"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-11-04428.2002"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.4.1932"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81237-4"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eccles JC, Ito M, and Szent\u00e1gothai J.The Cerebellum as a Neuronal Machine.Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1967.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-13147-3"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/373155a0"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/25541"},{"key":"R14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-05-01859.2003"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(91)90012-P"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020163"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)01836-8"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jolliffe IT.Principal Component Analysis.New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-1904-8"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.4.2232"},{"key":"R20","unstructured":"Kleinfeld Dand Denk W.Two-Photon Imaging of Neocortical Microcirculation.Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2000."},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013358"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008820"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.68.4.1178"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(03)60111-4"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/84397"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth706"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03274"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palay SLand Chan-Palay V.Cerebellar Cortex: Cytology and Organization.Berlin: Springer, 1974.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-65581-4"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903420205"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(95)80398-X"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(91)90121-F"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000123774"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1232232100"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19980413)393:3<353::AID-CNE7>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/385161a0"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/25547"},{"key":"R37","unstructured":"Tsien RY.Monitoring cell calcium. 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