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Average vertical eye position was abnormally elevated in the mutants, a finding that may be analogous to downbeat nystagmus seen in human cerebellar disorders. Fast phases of vestibular nystagmus were slowed by approximately 18% of control values. The angular vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) in darkness and light (visual VOR, or VVOR), assessed at 0.1\u20131.6 Hz, exhibited subnormal gains at the highest stimulus frequencies and increased phase leads at the lowest stimulus frequencies. Horizontal optokinetic responses to constant velocity drum rotation of \u00b12.5\u201340\u00b0\/s exhibited minimally reduced gains. Attempts to increase VOR gain by concomitant optokinetic and vestibular stimulation were confounded by the tendency of the mice to habituate to repetitive vestibular stimulation, but attempts to induce coupling of vertical eye movements to horizontal vestibular stimulation (cross-axis adaptation) generated rapid plastic changes in controls and little effect in mutants. With the notable exceptions of the vertical elevation and optokinetic gains, the ocular motor abnormalities were stable over a broad range of animal age, a result compatible with the abnormalities arising as direct consequences of the inborn alteration in calcium channel biophysics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01068.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,7]],"date-time":"2004-04-07T02:13:14Z","timestamp":1081303994000},"page":"2066-2078","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Eye Movements of the Murine P\/Q Calcium Channel Mutant<i>Rocker<\/i>, and the Impact of Aging"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"John S.","family":"Stahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"REF1","unstructured":"Bahill AT, Brockenbrough A, and Troost BT.Variability and development of a normative data base for saccadic eye movements.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci21: 116\u2013125, 1981."},{"key":"REF2","unstructured":"Baloh RW, Enrietto J, Jacobson KM, and Lin A.Age-related changes in vestibular function: a longitudinal study.Ann NY Acad Sci942: 210\u2013219, 2001."},{"key":"REF3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227144"},{"key":"REF4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.31.3.304"},{"key":"REF5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410410105"},{"key":"REF6","unstructured":"Becker W.Metrics. 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