{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:38:53Z","timestamp":1790642333178,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The neurotransmitter mechanisms that process acid hypercapnia in the mammalian carotid body (CB) are poorly understood. Using a co-culture model containing rat CB chemoreceptor (type 1 cell) clusters and petrosal neurons (PN), we tested the hypothesis that co-released ACh and ATP was an important mechanism. Sensory transmission from type I clusters to PN in co-culture occurred at chemical synapses via co-release of ATP and ACh because isohydric hypercapnia depolarized and\/or increased firing in co-cultured PN, but not in PN cultured alone; PN chemoexcitatory responses were inhibited by decreasing the extracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>: Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> ratio; partial inhibition of these responses occurred during separate perfusion of cholinergic (hexamethonium or mecamylamine) and P2X (suramin) receptor blockers, although inhibition was often complete with both blockers present; and rapid chemoexcitatory responses to hypercapnia were inhibited by acetazolamide (10 \u03bcM), an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, localized in type I cells. Acidosis (pH = 7.0, 7.2) enhanced the ATP-induced whole cell current in functional PN relative to that at physiologic pH (7.4), suggesting that increased sensitivity of postsynaptic P2X receptors may contribute to acid chemotransmission. Type I cells in CB tissue sections expressed vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), a cholinergic marker, as revealed by confocal immunofluorescence. Thus co-release of ACh and ATP is an important neurotransmitter mechanism for processing isohydric and acidic hypercapnia in the rat carotid body. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01099.2003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,6]],"date-time":"2004-04-06T00:24:39Z","timestamp":1081211079000},"page":"3433-3445","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["CO<sub>2<\/sub>\/pH Chemosensory Signaling in Co-Cultures of Rat Carotid Body Receptors and Petrosal Neurons: Role of ATP and ACh"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin A.","family":"Nurse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1970.sp009109"},{"key":"R2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00374499"},{"key":"R3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020239"},{"key":"R4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018542"},{"key":"R5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00135.x"},{"key":"R6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.5.1719"},{"key":"R7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.2.657"},{"key":"R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eiden LE. The cholinergic gene locus. J Neurochem 70: 2227\u20132240, 1998.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.70062227.x"},{"key":"R9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.048298"},{"key":"R10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(00)00091-8"},{"key":"R11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00897.2003"},{"key":"R12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90357-E"},{"key":"R13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1994.74.4.829"},{"key":"R15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1991.261.4.C565"},{"key":"R16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.4.1587"},{"key":"R17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.69020645.x"},{"key":"R18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00726.2003"},{"key":"R19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.5.3048"},{"key":"R20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(96)10050-3"},{"key":"R21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.63.1.259"},{"key":"R22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.93.5.1001"},{"key":"R23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-9048(03)00171-X"},{"key":"R24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00329439"},{"key":"R25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(99)00017-1"},{"key":"R26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.030522297"},{"key":"R27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp017990"},{"key":"R28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238411"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018613"},{"key":"R29A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.6.2287"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2001.012836"},{"key":"R31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1984.tb12363.x"},{"key":"R32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00489979"},{"key":"R33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-36-11315.2003"},{"key":"R34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00820-2"},{"key":"R35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90820-6"},{"key":"R36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90310-P"},{"key":"R37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90180-A"},{"key":"R38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)91439-8"},{"key":"R39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.78.4.1837"},{"key":"R40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.2.604"},{"key":"R41","unstructured":"Travis DM. Molecular CO2 is inert on carotid chemoreception: demonstration by inhibition of carbonic anhydrase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 178: 529\u2013540, 1971."},{"key":"R42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)03366-3"},{"key":"R43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.100.4.593"},{"key":"R44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.039735"},{"key":"R45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.038489"},{"key":"R46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02499-9"},{"key":"R47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00143.x"},{"key":"R48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00526-X"},{"key":"R49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1997.599bg.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/jn.01099.2003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T04:30:54Z","timestamp":1568003454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/jn.01099.2003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/jn.01099.2003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.01099.2003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3077","1522-1598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}}}