{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:13:03Z","timestamp":1785831183576,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,5,1]]},"abstract":" Robles, Luis, Mario A. Ruggero, and Nola C. Rich. Two-tone distortion on the basilar membrane of the chinchilla cochlea. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2385\u20132399, 1997. Basilar membrane responses to pairs of tones were measured, with the use of a laser velocimeter, in the basal turn of the cochlea in anesthetized chinchillas. Frequency spectra of basilar membrane responses to primary tones with frequencies (f1<\/jats:sub>, f2<\/jats:sub>) close to the characteristic frequency (CF) contain prominent odd-order two-tone distortion products (DPs) at frequencies both higher and lower than CF (such as 2f1<\/jats:sub> \u2212 f2<\/jats:sub>, 3f1<\/jats:sub> \u2212 2f2<\/jats:sub>, 2f2<\/jats:sub> \u2212 f1<\/jats:sub> and 3f2<\/jats:sub> \u2212 2f1<\/jats:sub>). For equal-level primaries with frequencies such that 2f1<\/jats:sub> \u2212 f2<\/jats:sub> equals CF, the magnitude of the2f1<\/jats:sub> \u2212 f2<\/jats:sub> DP grows with primary level at linear or faster rates at low stimulus levels, but it saturates or decreases slightly at higher levels. For a fixed level of one of the primary tones, the magnitude of the 2f1<\/jats:sub> \u2212 f2<\/jats:sub> DP is a nonmonotonic function of the level of the other primary tone. For low intensities of the variable tone, the2f1<\/jats:sub> \u2212 f2<\/jats:sub> DP grows at a rate of \u223c2 dB\/dB with f1<\/jats:sub> level and 1 dB\/dB with f2<\/jats:sub> level. DP magnitudes decrease rapidly with increasing primary frequency ratio (f2<\/jats:sub>\/f1<\/jats:sub>) at low stimulus levels. For more intense stimuli, DP magnitudes remain constant or decrease slowly over a wide range of frequency ratios until a critical value is reached, at which DP magnitudes fall with slopes as steep as \u2212300 dB\/octave. As stimulus level grows, DP phases increasingly lag for large f2<\/jats:sub>\/f1<\/jats:sub> ratios, but exhibit leads for small f2<\/jats:sub>\/f1<\/jats:sub> ratios. Cochlear exposure to an intense tone that produces large sensitivity losses for the primary frequencies (but only small losses for tones with frequency equal to 2f1<\/jats:sub> \u2212 f2<\/jats:sub>) causes a substantial decrease in magnitude of the 2f1<\/jats:sub> \u2212 f2<\/jats:sub> DP. This result demonstrates that the 2f1<\/jats:sub> \u2212 f2<\/jats:sub> DP originates at the basilar membrane region with CFs corresponding to the primary frequencies and propagates to the location with CF equal to the DP frequency. 2f1<\/jats:sub> \u2212 f2<\/jats:sub> DPs on the basilar membrane resemble those measured in human psychophysics in most respects. However, the magnitude of basilar membrane DPs does not show the nonmonotonic dependence on f2<\/jats:sub>\/f1<\/jats:sub> ratio evident in DP otoacoustic emissions. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.5.2385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]],"date-time":"2017-12-25T00:59:24Z","timestamp":1514163564000},"page":"2385-2399","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Two-Tone Distortion on the Basilar Membrane of the Chinchilla Cochlea"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Luis","family":"Robles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u0131\u0301a y Biof\u0131\u0301sica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario A.","family":"Ruggero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Neuroscience and Hugh Knowles Center Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3550; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nola C.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(87)90211-5"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1992.0126"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3966153"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.382042"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(80)90004-0"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.386906"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(88)90040-8"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(92)90083-Y"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-12-04575.1992"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(83)90136-3"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"1","volume":"88","author":"Davis H.","year":"1950","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol. 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