{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:04:18Z","timestamp":1791205458042,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Todorovic, Slobodan M. and Christopher J. Lingle. Pharmacological properties of T-type Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>current in adult rat sensory neurons: effects of anticonvulsant and anesthetic agents. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 240\u2013252, 1998. We have used the whole cell patch-clamp method to study pharmacological properties of low-voltage\u2013activated (LVA) Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>current in freshly dissociated neurons from dorsal root ganglia of adult rats. Inward barium current [in the presence of internal fluoride to reduce L-type high-voltage\u2013activated (HVA) and external 1 \u03bcM \u03c9-conotoxin GVIA to blockN-type HVA current] was evoked from negative holding potentials of \u221290 mV to test potentials of \u221225 mV and showed complete inactivation during 200-ms test pulses. Amiloride blocked \u223c90% of current with half-maximal block (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) of 75 \u03bcM and a Hill coefficient ( n) of 0.99. LVA current was blocked completely by inorganic Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>channel blockers: lanthanum (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 0.53 \u03bcM) &gt; zinc (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 11.3 \u03bcM) &gt; cadmium (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 20 \u03bcM)&gt; nickel (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 51 \u03bcM). The antiepileptics, ethosuximide (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 23.7 mM, n = 1.4), phenytoin (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 7.3 \u03bcM, n = 1.3), \u03b1-methyl-\u03b1-phenylsuccinimide (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 170 \u03bcM, n = 2.1), and valproic acid (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 330 \u03bcM, n = 1.9) maximally blocked \u223c100, 60, 26, and 17% of T current, respectively. Another antiepileptic, carbamazepine (\u2264100 \u03bcM), and convulsants such as pentylenetetrazole (1 mM) and tert-butyl-bicyclo [2.2.2] phosphorothionate (50 \u03bcM) had no effect on T current. Barbiturates completely blocked T current: thiopental (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 153 \u03bcM, n =1.2) &gt; pentobarbital (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 334 \u03bcM, n = 1.2) &gt; methohexital (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 502 \u03bcM, n = 1.3) &gt; phenobarbital (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 1.7 mM, n = 1.2). Blockade by thiopental and pentobarbital did not show voltage or use dependence. General anesthetics blocked T current completely and reversibly: propofol (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 12.9 \u03bcM, n = 1.3) &gt; octanol(EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 122 \u03bcM, n = 1.2) &gt; etomidate (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 205 \u03bcM, n =1.3) &gt; isoflurane (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 303 \u03bcM, n = 2.3) &gt; halothane (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 655 \u03bcM, n = 2.0) &gt; ketamine (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>= 2.5 mM, n = 1.1). Mibefradil, a novel Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>channel blocker, blocked dorsal root ganglion T current in a voltage- and use-dependent fashion with an EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>of \u223c3 \u03bcM( n = 1.3). When compared with results on other T currents, these data indicate that significant differences exist among different T currents in terms of pharmacological sensitivities. Furthermore, differences in pharmacological sensitivity of T currents among peripheral neurons, CNS, and neuroendocrine cells may contribute to the spectrum of effects of particular analgesic, anticonvulsant, and anesthetic drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.1.240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]],"date-time":"2017-12-25T07:16:33Z","timestamp":1514186193000},"page":"240-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":290,"title":["Pharmacological Properties of T-Type Ca<sup>2+<\/sup>Current in Adult Rat Sensory Neurons: Effects of Anticonvulsant and Anesthetic Agents"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Slobodan M.","family":"Todorovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Lingle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1989.sp017610"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197608000-00009"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2578071"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-18-05567.1996"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.51.030189.002055"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)10504-X","volume":"48","author":"Bezprozvanny I.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1986.sp016157"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199611000-00018"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/310501a0"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1987.sp016551"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1987.sp016552"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)14157-6","volume":"28","author":"Casida J. E.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.96.3.603"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410250610"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(89)90376-5"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1990.tb14095.x"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1990.tb14096.x"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1989.sp017668"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1989.sp017890"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"A315","volume":"70","author":"Ertel E. A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.6.5.569"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(96)01021-8"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112355"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1987.sp016864"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/310599a0"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/367607a0"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp017328"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)36479-1","volume":"280","author":"Gross R. A.","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1994.tb13166.x"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00656997"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-07-02226.1991"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.68.1.213"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.13.030190.002005"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(89)82745-6"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004764"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.58.030196.001553"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.70.1.158"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-10-03804.1992"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-09-05485.1994"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90416-7"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/257691a0"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90515-4"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/302790a0"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198609001-00328","volume":"65","author":"Levine L. L.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3059497"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1981.sp013763"},{"key":"B49","first-page":"174","volume":"12","author":"Llinas R.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci. Abstr."},{"key":"B50","first-page":"862","volume":"39","author":"Lloyd-Thomas A. R.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Anesth."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018287"},{"key":"B52","first-page":"713","volume":"44","author":"Macdonald R. L.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018396"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1987.58.2.251"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.5.2736"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.87.1.161"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199611000-00026"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7012.1047"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.75.1.144"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199405000-00021"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198607000-00006"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(90)90028-3"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp018944"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)14273-9","volume":"23","author":"Squires R. F.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.24.3.250"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198911000-00018"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199407000-00016"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1981.tb08701.x"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1990.tb14079.x"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)22999-8","volume":"256","author":"Takahashi K.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1991.65.1.148"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(89)90359-5"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-05-01404.1991"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2451291"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-04-03110.1995"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)21001-1","volume":"246","author":"Twombly D. A.","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228395"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1975.03260130043024"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.17.6802"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2433765"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(96)00018-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/jn.1998.79.1.240","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T05:45:07Z","timestamp":1751175907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/jn.1998.79.1.240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/jn.1998.79.1.240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.1998.79.1.240","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3077","1522-1598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]}}}