{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T04:15:53Z","timestamp":1759032953590},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Ion-sensitive microelectrodes were used to measure the variations of [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> induced by application of low Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> media in the superfused eyecup preparation of the Pseudemys turtle. The aim of the experiments was to evaluate the possibility, suggested by previous studies, that in the deep, sclerad, layers of the retina [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>may remain high enough to sustain chemical synaptic transmission even after prolonged application of low-Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> saline. It was found that, at depths of 100\u2013200 \u03bcm from the vitreal surface, [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> ]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> did not fall below 1 mM even after application for periods of 30\u201360 min of nominally Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-free media, and it was &gt;0.3 mM after 30-min application of media containing EGTA and with a Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>concentration of 1 nM. Previous studies in isolated salamander photoreceptors have shown that a reduction of [Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> to 0.3\u20131.0 mM may result in a paradoxical increase of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> influx into synaptic terminals due to the reduced screening of negative charge on the external face of the plasma membrane. On the basis of these results, the persistence or enhancement of synaptic transmission from photoreceptors to horizontal cells observed in various retinas treated with low-Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> media may be accounted for within the classical Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-dependent theory of synaptic transmission without invoking a Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-independent mechanism. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.1.283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,25]],"date-time":"2017-12-25T05:37:23Z","timestamp":1514180243000},"page":"283-289","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Resistance of Retinal Extracellular Space to Ca<sup>2+<\/sup>Level Decrease: Implications for the Synaptic Effects of Divalent Cations"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Andrey","family":"Dmitriev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia, Sezione di Fisiologia Generale, Universit\u00e0 di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy; and"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0021"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Pignatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia, Sezione di Fisiologia Generale, Universit\u00e0 di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Piccolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia, Sezione di Fisiologia Generale, Universit\u00e0 di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-06-01496.1991"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-031492-1.50005-X"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90828-X"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.6.3012"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"1381","volume":"70","author":"Bykov K. 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