{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:12:06Z","timestamp":1791400326571,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Orexin-A (OX-A) and orexin-B (OX-B) (hypocretin 1 and hypocretin 2) are synthesized in neurons of the perifornical, dorsomedial, lateral, and posterior hypothalamus. The locus coeruleus (LC) receives the densest extrahypothalamic projections of the orexin (OX) system. Recent evidence suggests that descending projections of the LC have a facilitatory role in the regulation of muscle tone. The pontine inhibitory area (PIA), located ventral to LC, receives a moderate OX projection and participates in the suppression of muscle tone in rapid-eye-movement sleep. We have examined the role of OX-A and -B in muscle-tone control using microinjections (0.1 \u03bcM to 1 mM, 0.2 \u03bcl) into the LC and PIA in decerebrate rats. OX-A and -B microinjections into the LC produced ipsi- or bilateral hindlimb muscle-tone facilitation. The activity of LC units was correlated with the extent of hindlimb muscle-tone facilitation after OX microinjections (100 \u03bcM, 1 \u03bcl) into fourth ventricle. Microinjections of OX-A and -B into the PIA produced muscle-tone inhibition. We did not observe any significant difference in the effect of OX-A and -B on muscle tone at either site. Our data suggest that OX release activates LC units and increases noradrenergic tonus in the CNS. Moreover, OX-A and -B may also regulate the activity of pontine cholinoceptive and cholinergic neurons participating in muscle-tone suppression. Loss of OX function may therefore disturb both facilitatory and inhibitory motor processes. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.85.5.2008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]],"date-time":"2017-12-21T11:01:15Z","timestamp":1513854075000},"page":"2008-2016","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Increased and Decreased Muscle Tone With Orexin (Hypocretin) Microinjections in the Locus Coeruleus and Pontine Inhibitory Area"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Lyudmila I.","family":"Kiyashchenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194223, Russia; and"},{"name":"Veterans Administration Medical Center Sepulveda and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, North Hills, California 91343"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris Y.","family":"Mileykovskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194223, Russia; and"},{"name":"Veterans Administration Medical Center Sepulveda and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, North Hills, California 91343"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Y.","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Administration Medical Center Sepulveda and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, North Hills, California 91343"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome M.","family":"Siegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Administration Medical Center Sepulveda and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, North Hills, California 91343"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"47","volume":"133","author":"Andre P","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Ital Biol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.01-08-00876.1981"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(91)90102-T"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-20-07760.2000"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"557","volume":"41","author":"Chase MH","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81973-X"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(99)00157-6"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"187","volume":"127","author":"D'Ascanio P","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Ital Biol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.2.748"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.1.322"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.160R007"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-10-03644.1988"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.5.3033"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)90132-3"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)90029-1"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)90155-4"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63825-X"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(88)90295-3"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(64)90076-0"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)90012-8"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"10911","volume":"96","author":"Hagan JJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurobiology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.4.1942"},{"key":"B23","first-page":"215","volume":"34","author":"Henley K","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol Exp"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094539"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"273","volume":"125","author":"Horn ED","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Ital Biol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19991213)415:2<145::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01131-2"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200006050-00031"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(86)90008-0"},{"key":"B30","first-page":"124","volume":"106","author":"Jankowska E","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch Ital Biol"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"895","volume":"159","author":"Jouvet M","year":"1965","journal-title":"C R Soc Biol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01594-0"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"626","volume":"25","author":"Kiyashchenko LI","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci Abstr"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/21.7.695"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903360302"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90432-B"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-08-02727.1990"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-12-04790.1988"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-09-02931.1991"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)90369-7"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81965-0"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9750"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(94)00253-B"},{"key":"B44","first-page":"23","volume":"33","author":"Mitsuma T","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrine Regul"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(99)00673-6"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08551.2000"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00177-9"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01336-0"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)05582-8"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-23-09996.1998"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)61592-7"},{"key":"B53","first-page":"404","volume":"103","author":"Pompeiano O","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Otolaringol (Stockh)"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(98)00128-1","volume":"78","author":"Pu S","year":"1998","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"B55","first-page":"203","volume":"9","author":"Rispoli V","year":"1994","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90981-8"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80949-6"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01457-2"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320103"},{"key":"B60","first-page":"85","volume":"45","author":"Sengoku A","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kobe J Med Sci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81969-8"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1925546"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90501-2"},{"key":"B64","first-page":"107","volume":"125","author":"Stampacchia G","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Ital Biol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01136-1"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)01030-3"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9994"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228973"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00058-1"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)01266-6"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(96)00569-0"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-19-07962.1998"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00600-9"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/jn.2001.85.5.2008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T04:38:41Z","timestamp":1568003921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/jn.2001.85.5.2008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/jn.2001.85.5.2008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.2001.85.5.2008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3077","1522-1598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,5,1]]}}}