{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:41:03Z","timestamp":1791322863768,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The main olfactory bulb receives a significant modulatory noradrenergic input from the locus coeruleus. Previous in vivo and in vitro studies showed that norepinephrine (NE) inputs increase the sensitivity of mitral cells to weak olfactory inputs. The cellular basis for this action of NE is not understood. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of NE and noradrenergic agonists on the excitability of mitral cells, the main output cells of the olfactory bulb, using whole cell patch-clamp recording in vitro. The noradrenergic agonists, phenylephrine (PE, 10 \u03bcM), isoproterenol (Isop, 10 \u03bcM), and clonidine (3 \u03bcM), were used to test for the functional presence of \u03b11-, \u03b2-, and \u03b12-receptors, respectively, on mitral cells. None of these agonists affected olfactory nerve (ON)\u2013evoked field potentials recorded in the glomerular layer, or ON-evoked postsynaptic currents recorded in mitral cells. In whole cell voltage-clamp recordings, NE (30 \u03bcM) induced an inward current (54 \u00b1 7 pA, n= 16) with an EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of 4.7 \u03bcM. Both PE and Isop also produced inward currents (22 \u00b1 4 pA, n = 19, and 29 \u00b1 9 pA, n = 8, respectively), while clonidine produced no effect ( n = 6). In the presence of TTX (1 \u03bcM), and blockers of excitatory and inhibitory fast synaptic transmission [gabazine 5 \u03bcM, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) 10 \u03bcM, and (\u00b1)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV) 50 \u03bcM], the inward current induced by PE persisted (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> = 9 \u03bcM), whereas that of Isop was absent. The effect of PE was also observed in the presence of the Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> channel blockers, cadmium (100 \u03bcM) and nickel (100 \u03bcM). The inward current caused by PE was blocked when the interior of the cell was perfused with the nonhydrolyzable GDP analogue, GDP\u03b2S, indicating that the \u03b11 effect is mediated by G-protein coupling. The current-voltage relationship in the absence and presence of PE indicated that the current induced by PE decreased near the equilibrium potential for potassium ions. In current-clamp recordings from bistable mitral cells, PE shifted the membrane potential from the downstate (\u221252 mV) toward the upstate (\u221240 mV), and significantly increased spike generation in response to perithreshold ON input. These findings indicate that NE excites mitral cells directly via \u03b11 receptors, an effect that may underlie, at least in part, increased mitral cell responses to weak ON input during locus coeruleus activation in vivo. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.5.2173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]],"date-time":"2017-12-21T11:32:54Z","timestamp":1513855974000},"page":"2173-2182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Direct Excitation of Mitral Cells Via Activation of \u03b11-Noradrenergic Receptors in Rat Olfactory Bulb Slices"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Abdallah","family":"Hayar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip M.","family":"Heyward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Heinbockel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Shipley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Ennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/315501a0"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(96)00706-3"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.01-08-00887.1981"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02342-2"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2147078"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-05-02011.2000"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)01150-X"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02752-9"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00437-0"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-0618(97)00215-9"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-0618(97)00042-2"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-24-10727.1999"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000125087"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00682-7"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"1268","volume":"23","author":"Ennis M","year":"1997","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci Abstr"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199604100-00007"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901800309"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1987.sp016820"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00692.x"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(78)90699-6"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/329333a0"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(95)00018-2"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-14-05311.2001"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"81","volume":"47","author":"Hieble JP","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog Drug Res"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.2.1082"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-03-01026.1996"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-06-02276.1998"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/297227a0"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-19-06319.1996"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902310207"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(85)90262-3"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(89)90287-X"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-07-02602.1998"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990906)411:4<666::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00688-X"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(93)90116-W"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903040310"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902850305"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(71)90026-6"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00280-4"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(96)00985-5"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199101000-00002"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(95)02042-X"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020263"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.74.5.1911"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(87)90213-9"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-07-04252.1994"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(94)00211-H"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(85)90258-1"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.6.2954"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)90537-2"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.114.5.957"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-11-03998.1989"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(92)90207-D"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-10-03992.1992"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)90161-9"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-10-03985.1992"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021151"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-05-02199.1993"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(88)90202-7"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(96)00368-5"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903520102"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.3.1696"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00222-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/jn.2001.86.5.2173","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T04:18:05Z","timestamp":1568002685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/jn.2001.86.5.2173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/jn.2001.86.5.2173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.2001.86.5.2173","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3077","1522-1598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,1]]}}}