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Calcium imaging and optogenetics have enabled mapping and manipulating ensembles with single-cell resolution in mouse visual cortex, providing evidence of their importance. Ensembles dominate cortical activity and are generated endogenously or by sensory stimulation. Ensembles are imprinted by activating neurons synchronously and can be reactivated by \u201cpattern completion\u201d trigger cells. Intrinsic excitability mediates ensemble coactivation and reactivation, while UP states shield ongoing ensembles from external inputs. Neurons can belong to different ensembles, forming a combinatorial system that encodes visual stimuli accurately and stably. Ensembles contain pyramidal neurons and interneurons and inhibited \u201coffsemble\u201d cells. Cross inhibition makes ensembles orthogonal to one another, while astrocytic activation increases ensemble occurrence. 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