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To this end, hormones that affect the function of the gravid uterus, especially progesterone (P4), 17\u03b2-estradiol (E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), oxytocin (OT), and prostaglandins (PGs), play pivotal roles. P4 via the nuclear P4 receptor (PR) promotes uterine quiescence and for most of pregnancy exerts a dominant block to labor. Loss of the P4 block to parturition in association with a gain in prolabor actions of E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> are key transitions in the hormonal cascade leading to parturition. P4 withdrawal can occur through various mechanisms depending on species and physiological context. Parturition in most species involves inflammation within the uterine tissues and especially at the maternal-fetal interface. Local PGs and other inflammatory mediators may initiate parturition by inducing P4 withdrawal. Withdrawal of the P4 block is coordinated with increased E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> actions to enhance uterotonic signals mediated by OT and PGs to promote uterine contractions, cervix softening, and membrane rupture, i.e., labor. This review examines recent advances in research to understand the hormonal control of parturition, with focus on the roles of P4, E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, PGs, OT, inflammatory cytokines, and placental peptide hormones together with evolutionary biology of and implications for clinical management of human parturition. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00019.2023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T15:14:29Z","timestamp":1707405269000},"page":"1121-1145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/aps-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The hormonal control of parturition"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Hamburg-Shields","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, 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