{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:45:17Z","timestamp":1787989517158,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":412,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"HHS | NIH | National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2 TR002379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2 TR002379"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008538","name":"PSC Partners Seeking a Cure","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008538","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005347","name":"American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK117861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK117861"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK57993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK57993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK57993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK57993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011542","name":"MC | Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K2R Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2R Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.physiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cholangiocytes are specialized epithelial cells that line the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree and play a critical role in bile modification, liver homeostasis, and response to injury. Cholangiocytes exhibit notable heterogeneity and plasticity, and their dysfunction is central to a spectrum of diseases targeting the bile ducts, collectively called cholangiopathies. These disorders include genetic, infectious, immune-mediated, and malignant diseases, with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) representing one of the most complex and enigmatic of these disorders. PSC is a progressive, fibro-inflammatory disease of the bile ducts that is closely linked to inflammatory bowel disease, carries a heightened risk of cancer, and lacks any approved therapies. This review explores the biology of cholangiocytes, including their development, functional plasticity, and roles in secretion, absorption, and cellular signaling. We provide a detailed examination of cholangiopathies, particularly PSC, a complex cholangiopathy characterized by a paradoxical state of cholangiocyte senescence and hyperproliferation. We describe how immune cell dysfunction, the gut microbiome, genetic predispositions, and environmental factors converge to mediate PSC pathogenesis. We revisit the foundational technologies that empowered early discoveries and shaped the field as we know it today. We also explore how newer techniques such as organoid cultures, single-cell transcriptomics, epigenomics, and spatialomics have transformed our modern understanding of biliary pathophysiology. Finally, we provide an overview of existing rodent models of cholangiopathies and discuss their relevance to human disease. PSC remains therapeutically unaddressed, and thus ongoing multidisciplinary efforts are essential to developing targeted interventions. This review serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers and clinicians navigating the rapidly evolving landscape of cholangiocyte-centered liver disease research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00022.2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T16:42:26Z","timestamp":1776098546000},"page":"1913-1954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/aps-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cholangiocyte biology in primary sclerosing cholangitis and other cholangiopathies: pathogenesis, clinical insights, and experimental tools"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6795-0121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nidhi","family":"Jalan-Sakrikar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abid A.","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Missouri School of Medicine","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navine","family":"Nasser-Ghodsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["United States"]},{"name":"UMass Chan Medical School","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Felzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["United States"]},{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Huebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3266-0831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas F.","family":"LaRusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven P.","family":"O\u2019Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qp3tb03","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.33541"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2009.07.020"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.03.035"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385233-5.00004-0"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.051"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2009.05.012"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.340305"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21952"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23048"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21520"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-8278(00)80377-3"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i22.3537"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00536.2007"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.10.032"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8613073"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-34501"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.12.023"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.35274"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)91695-8"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.07.003"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"303","volume":"74","author":"Vroman B","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000324121"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705964104"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-34504"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.06.049"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26753"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20600"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.15034"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01335-9"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2025-334763"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.05.022"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30270"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115341"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2013.tb00495.x"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2013.tb00519.x"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1997.273.2.G303"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1992.263.4.G527"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23810"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0125-y"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.10.011"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.08.020"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116188"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1994.266.4.G731"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00223.2009"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00154.2012"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.164970"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00146.2015"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0303411101"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.08.071"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250431"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115160"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1999.276.1.G280"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gep.2014.05.003"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.7986"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.080125"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2025.10.007"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-8278(97)80419-9"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00243.2025"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314249"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001093"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20130"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00486.2023"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00308.2005"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30706"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00452.2016"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31067"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.170320"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000426"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100286"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.11.021"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26993"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.803098"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181f1572d"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1730951"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.004184"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(75)80706-2"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2022.03.002"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.184901"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.23984"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2019.09.010"},{"key":"B81","first-page":"1237","volume":"145","author":"Mauad TH","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastro.2003.09.001"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00844.x"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i13.1934"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00617-7"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-042320-121247"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450116666150427161743"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/pg.2014.43574"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2022.101977"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.226"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2014.05.013"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.04.013"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28817"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-006-0084-y"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-1993(11)60006-4"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.08.006"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14095"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61903-0"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-8278(00)00034-9"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005340070002"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.281.3.G626"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63876-X"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.20875"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50200"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.299.3.3"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30210"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14180"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)63706-3"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i20.6159"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800660603"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2017.07.012"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.08.013"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50232"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5107(99)80013-3"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2004.03528.x"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/dmr-21-52"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001168"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001334"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan8462"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002450"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182307c9c"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00329"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.12.054"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx225"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002280"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00154-3"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31607-X"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.02.022"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.03.008"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2023.100188"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.08.005"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1251134"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1959832"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1506330"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20524\/aog.2019.0344"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.046615"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.06.021"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14645"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.08.032"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29204"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.02.038"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.01.042"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.33202"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.02.030"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.15007"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad276"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2019.1707277"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-020-01663-1"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365529850166284"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-8278(94)80240-8"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093095"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.06019.x"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23678"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.05.061"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.049"},{"key":"B156","volume":"108","author":"Alshmandi M","year":"2018","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26565"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007116"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.04.052"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840100406"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00872.x"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.4.610"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.170.1.2462261"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-8278(01)00251-3"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1194"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.07.046"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3283554bbf"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.02.030"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.639674"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90024-F"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.05.009"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000324131"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270307"},{"key":"B174","first-page":"2028","volume":"89","author":"Spivey JR","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705754"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0716-08.2008"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0454-04.2004"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.3338"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.04067.x"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510310103"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270201"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.55"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-02759-7"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.08.046"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00770-1"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.08.016"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.031732"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3745"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-016-0239-9"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176264"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313598"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.37.427.245"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.8.5.435"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(59)90098-4"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(59)92049-5"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90833-m"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90224-9"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02365447"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-311915"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312180"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13552"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jju023"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0333-1"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.06.032"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31140"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300016"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000452"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07374-9"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.06.013"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10428190009113380"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041035"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.05.006"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.50.003311"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.08.028"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.08.010"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00610-9"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.07.013"},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13919"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1171253"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1544601"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.07.045"},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108311"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600275R"},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160315"},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(90)90281-U"},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.27965"},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03777.x"},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.08.017"},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23082"},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000454904"},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.05.009"},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.12.06"},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.02.033"},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M704165200"},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.10.035"},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30509"},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.04.004"},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1930"},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1787"},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2018.06.009"},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.281"},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312354"},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015081"},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2008.14"},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20457"},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.12378"},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae189"},{"key":"B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae257"},{"key":"B249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17936"},{"key":"B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2020.1787501"},{"key":"B251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31560"},{"key":"B252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000115"},{"key":"B253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30237"},{"key":"B254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.11.002"},{"key":"B255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100250"},{"key":"B256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.162270"},{"key":"B257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.09.016"},{"key":"B258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840180220"},{"key":"B259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1997.272.2.G289"},{"key":"B260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300216"},{"key":"B261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.7.875"},{"key":"B262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00047a007"},{"key":"B263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1997.2431"},{"key":"B264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119816"},{"key":"B265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200325297"},{"key":"B266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1997.272.5.G1168"},{"key":"B267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1998.275.6.G1236"},{"key":"B268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M212079200"},{"key":"B269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-0115(00)00109-9"},{"key":"B270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.19.9080"},{"key":"B271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.14.6527"},{"key":"B272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1996.271.1.G86"},{"key":"B273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(97)70109-4"},{"key":"B274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119655"},{"key":"B275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v113.pm9352879"},{"key":"B276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1998.275.5.G1028"},{"key":"B277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.281.4.G1059"},{"key":"B278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.20248"},{"key":"B279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.27092"},{"key":"B280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i10.1440"},{"key":"B281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.280.2.G241"},{"key":"B282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00162.2001"},{"key":"B283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00118.2002"},{"key":"B284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00313.2002"},{"key":"B285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(95)00101-8"},{"key":"B286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879600800325"},{"key":"B287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.2.603-607.1998"},{"key":"B288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300138"},{"key":"B289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2703.1"},{"key":"B290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-47-1-71"},{"key":"B291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki456"},{"key":"B292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280402"},{"key":"B293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.24850"},{"key":"B294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(00)70219-8"},{"key":"B295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(03)00662-0"},{"key":"B296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.5.3011-3021.2004"},{"key":"B297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-495R.1"},{"key":"B298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01348-06"},{"key":"B299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597387"},{"key":"B300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.041640"},{"key":"B301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63427-X"},{"key":"B302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090658"},{"key":"B303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60916"},{"key":"B304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24427"},{"key":"B305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63913-2"},{"key":"B306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2013.52"},{"key":"B307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64679-2"},{"key":"B308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27925"},{"key":"B309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i47.8156"},{"key":"B310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25318-8"},{"key":"B311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1994.266.6.G1060"},{"key":"B312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1999.277.3.G599"},{"key":"B313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000110292.73873.25"},{"key":"B314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25691"},{"key":"B315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22736"},{"key":"B316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-998-0066-1"},{"key":"B317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00026.2004"},{"key":"B318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.12.004"},{"key":"B319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00250.2005"},{"key":"B320","first-page":"1467","volume":"78","author":"Mano Y","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"B321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.07.024"},{"key":"B322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23354"},{"key":"B323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cell.2011.0064"},{"key":"B324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067541"},{"key":"B325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27165"},{"key":"B326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2015.51"},{"key":"B327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3275"},{"key":"B328","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3294"},{"key":"B329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1809"},{"key":"B330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9420-5_25"},{"key":"B331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mcb.2020.03.011"},{"key":"B332","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32583"},{"key":"B333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9420-5_24"},{"key":"B334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3406046\/v1"},{"key":"B335","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30470"},{"key":"B336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-024-08570-y"},{"key":"B337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000094"},{"key":"B338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09183-9"},{"key":"B339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09884-1"},{"key":"B340","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000558"},{"key":"B341","first-page":"S97","author":"Schaub JCC","year":"2020","journal-title":"EASL: The Digital International Liver Congress"},{"key":"B342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1778-8"},{"key":"B343","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750"},{"key":"B344","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biv084"},{"key":"B345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v16.i9.1211"},{"key":"B346","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16111785"},{"key":"B347","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2024.2360008"},{"key":"B348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.09.066"},{"key":"B349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00093.2010"},{"key":"B350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29291"},{"key":"B351","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06809-0"},{"key":"B352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.02.027"},{"key":"B353","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29838"},{"key":"B354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.06.026"},{"key":"B355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30698"},{"key":"B356","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00250.2019"},{"key":"B357","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2017.63"},{"key":"B358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14569"},{"key":"B359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228874"},{"key":"B360","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1693-2_4"},{"key":"B361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30918"},{"key":"B362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36077"},{"key":"B363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2802"},{"key":"B364","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ad0261"},{"key":"B365","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.03.016"},{"key":"B366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2019.04.005"},{"key":"B367","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.2001"},{"key":"B368","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.01.010"},{"key":"B369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52710-3"},{"key":"B370","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107632703322495673"},{"key":"B371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2005.00845.x"},{"key":"B372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10047-011-0590-8"},{"key":"B373","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880703000110"},{"key":"B374","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2009.10.049"},{"key":"B375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1996"},{"key":"B376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.08.035"},{"key":"B377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2017.02.016"},{"key":"B378","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000441720"},{"key":"B379","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4360"},{"key":"B380","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29614"},{"key":"B381","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0168-0"},{"key":"B382","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering6010016"},{"key":"B383","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2021.02.001"},{"key":"B384","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00417"},{"key":"B385","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00058.2024"},{"key":"B386","first-page":"445","volume":"50","author":"Okano Y","year":"1980","journal-title":"Jpn J Exp Med"},{"key":"B387","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.281.1.G182"},{"key":"B388","first-page":"401","volume":"52","author":"Desmet VJ","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B389","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1985.tb00254.x"},{"key":"B390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1989.257.1.G124"},{"key":"B391","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21834"},{"key":"B392","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000564"},{"key":"B393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.06.025"},{"key":"B394","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000282072"},{"key":"B395","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-020-08778-6"},{"key":"B396","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.10.013"},{"key":"B397","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316670"},{"key":"B398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10400"},{"key":"B399","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.17.6.593"},{"key":"B400","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(50)90264-6"},{"key":"B401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21P","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1953.sp004865","volume":"119","author":"Jacoby F","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5198(19)65190-5"},{"key":"B403","first-page":"369","volume":"80","author":"Machalett H","year":"1969","journal-title":"Z Mikrosk Anat Forsch"},{"key":"B404","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.35948"},{"key":"B405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.35953"},{"key":"B406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2004.09.003"},{"key":"B407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.07.025"},{"key":"B408","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.061133"},{"key":"B409","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.11.010"},{"key":"B410","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162286"},{"key":"B411","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-8278(00)80116-6"},{"key":"B412","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2003.01335.x"}],"container-title":["Physiological Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/physrev.00022.2025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T18:45:23Z","timestamp":1778093123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/physrev.00022.2025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":412,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/physrev.00022.2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00022.2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9333","1522-1210"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9333","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1210","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-06","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}