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The chance of the latter increases as the average telomere length decreases. The average telomere length is set and maintained in cells of the germline which typically express high levels of telomerase. In somatic cells, telomere length is very heterogeneous but typically declines with age, posing a barrier to tumor growth but also contributing to loss of cells with age. Loss of (stem) cells via telomere attrition provides strong selection for abnormal and malignant cells, a process facilitated by the genome instability and aneuploidy triggered by dysfunctional telomeres. The crucial role of telomeres in cell turnover and aging is highlighted by patients with 50% of normal telomerase levels resulting from a mutation in one of the telomerase genes. Short telomeres in such patients are implicated in a variety of disorders including dyskeratosis congenita, aplastic anemia, pulmonary fibrosis, and cancer. Here the role of telomeres and telomerase in human aging and aging-associated diseases is reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00026.2007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,7]],"date-time":"2008-04-07T17:08:20Z","timestamp":1207588100000},"page":"557-579","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1016,"title":["Telomeres and Aging"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Geraldine","family":"Aubert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter 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TH\n                      , Holyoake TL, Rufer N, Barnett MJ, Schulzer M, Eaves CJ, Eaves AC, Lansdorp PM.\n                      Prognostic implications of differences in telomere length between normal and malignant cells from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia measured by flow cytometry.\n                      Blood\n                      95\n                      : 1883\u20131890, 2000.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.6.1883"},{"key":"R29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.4.895"},{"key":"R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brummendorf TH\n                      , Rufer N, Holyoake TL, Maciejewski J, Barnett MJ, Eaves CJ, Eaves AC, Young N, Lansdorp PM.\n                      Telomere length dynamics in normal individuals and in patients with hematopoietic stem cell-associated disorders.\n                      Ann NY Acad Sci\n                      938\n                      : 293\u2013303, 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