{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T17:03:44Z","timestamp":1791133424793,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":343,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004917","name":"Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP210027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP210027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007316","name":"HHS | NIH | NCI | Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA239645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA239645"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK094989, R01DK105129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK094989, R01DK105129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK134531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK134531"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004917","name":"Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CPRIT RP210027 - Baylor College of Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Training Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPRIT RP210027 - Baylor College of Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Training Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.physiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The stomach is home to numerous nuclear receptor transcription factors (NRs) that can respond to food, toxins, and other ingested agents. Conversely, signals secreted from other organs (e.g., hormones) can engage gastric NRs to modulate gastric physiology. Thus, there is a rich potential interface between external and internal signals that gastric NRs might respond to and interpret. Here, we seek to comprehensively review the role of NRs in gastric homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. NRs are evolutionarily conserved proteins that regulate gene transcription by interpreting hormonal and environmental signals. We explore NR roles in normal stomach development, cell fate determination, and responses to dietary compounds and xenobiotics. The last topic is of particular recent importance 1) because NRs stimulated by ingested agents might directly regulate gastric physiology like the relative activity of acid-secreting and stem cells and 2) because the stomach is one of the first organs to encounter dietary compounds and pollutants. Additionally, we review the emerging yet understudied field of gastro-endocrinology, exploring how systemic endocrine circuits influence the stomach\u2019s function. We also discuss how NRs contribute to pathological conditions like precancerous lesions and cancer. Additionally, we summarize known agonists, antagonists, and coregulatory proteins, highlighting potential therapeutic targets. Understanding NR roles could pave the way for a better understanding of dietary and environmental toxin exposure and also lead to innovative treatments for gastric disorders, including gastritis, gastric intestinal metaplasia, and gastric cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00033.2025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:50:01Z","timestamp":1771930201000},"page":"1495-1533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/aps-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Stomach at the crossroads: nuclear receptor signaling at the interface between what we are and what we eat"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5296-4719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Divenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02pttbw34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Baylor College of Medicine","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0402-4662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason C.","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02pttbw34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Baylor College of Medicine","place":["United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02pttbw34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Baylor College of Medicine","place":["United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02pttbw34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Baylor College of Medicine","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-9-230"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.23.13442"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10747.x"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.06.049"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.1269"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00486-7"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh012"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.4.2734"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060227"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8030220"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M206324200"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M106140200"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.32.22618"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0227"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.034165"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2005.01.025"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi500737n"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2017.01.019"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1365"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.108081"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-021-00849-4"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.141640"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1097-2765(00)00051-4"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm025529g"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072891"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-2164"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/104454904322759894"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101977200"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M605947200"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq227"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164847"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.11.0002"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.19.6831-6841.2002"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cb100223d"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10075"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.038"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M409096200"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509742112"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-08-0730"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb1344"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.21.5.1747-1758.2001"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11030"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cb1002575"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.10.6509"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.47.30847"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2006.09.020"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.052506"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C100631200"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03862-x"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2012.05.014"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0537"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.15.9.0689"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.14.6.0467"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2004.04.007"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3037703"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(89)90177-3"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0710705"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557054553811"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2003.10.005"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0411"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.11.3763-3773.2003"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.10.4948"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0960-0760(99)00100-4"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.03.027"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(02)00817-6"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.68.5.932"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(83)90282-3"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2002-0310"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00226.2002"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.12.21.3343"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.17.5.2735"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.44.27629"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.16.8329"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(00)81118-6"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/324641a0"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/324635a0"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M205608200"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9485"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5240.1354"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.6.3496"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231474798"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.63.070194.002315"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(93)90133-r"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.2920"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M002013200"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00044.x"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2964(75)90119-x"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/57.18.1669"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2006.02.002"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.98106551"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322910111"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02405304"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.0.0110117"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.085779"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M000660200"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M703268200"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi102059z"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1168175"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-20-0510"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.12.1.0048"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.041112"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq875"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1999.277.2.F157"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)93278-3"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42968-2"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22748"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M910000199"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02583"},{"key":"B109","first-page":"185","volume":"6","author":"Zhu Y","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gene Expr"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(00)81410-5"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.9.4312"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14701\/kjhbps.2013.17.3.89"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.05.010"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M403271200"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/415813a"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)33479-9"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3868"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.141.11.4021"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2010.07.056"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.16.5780-5789.2003"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000121202.72593.da"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.850400"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.112059299"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm901797p"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/377454a0"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/355359a0"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.1.30"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015119"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M409302200"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.16.11.6029"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.8.1553"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3496"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90390-c"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M107875200"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.5.1699"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2016.05.006"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231332398"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.04.023"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.10.036"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-061121-035954"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1297101"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-408143-7.00002-5"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.075"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02901-9"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.143.8.3162"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.10.005"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042119"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155236"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.28600"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13974"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2018.8342"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.02.065"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7314\/apjcp.2012.13.5.1809"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-0436.2001.068001013.x"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2020.1823006"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00195.2016"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1928"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-020-0290-3"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307918"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0303-7207(02)00187-9"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-19-0053"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00523.2003"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17082"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2000.1457"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.16.s2.16.x"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.310"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308759"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01808"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09508-8"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-016-0340-z"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.8164"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.04.016"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2009-0114"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04244-2"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.905523"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.03.009"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.57623"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-023-10399-5"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.05.006"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076234"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0024-3205(01)01416-3"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.2.497"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.06.007"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.05.019"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.02.018"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.11.017"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049127"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.70000"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6690340"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2004-0178"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-5-4-514"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00502.2004"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.86"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-023-02869-w"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5214"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2018.5"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.01.017"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf102285b"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7fo02007d"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.07.002"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.07.018"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201000264"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100798"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(03)01527-8"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856005774423908"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.fpj04016x"},{"key":"B208","first-page":"72","volume":"49","author":"Son SH","year":"2007","journal-title":"Korean J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2007.02504.x"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4292\/wjgpt.v6.i4.120"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/687570"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-023-01418-w"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2770-2"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/571783"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540004800504"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2907252"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2012.05.007"},{"key":"B218","first-page":"13176","volume":"8","author":"Wen Y","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12234205"},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2021.114481"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25070"},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.2024.39.S1.435"},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20193535"},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2009-0441"},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.2025.40.S1.1316"},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6915"},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2023.101727"},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1434024"},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-5364(25)60847-8"},{"key":"B230","first-page":"46,","author":"Ataee MM","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran Biomed J"},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1999.1307"},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.12.027"},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.tpj.6500087"},{"key":"B234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/28.6.1037"},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.4.297"},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01902149509031753"},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.06.001"},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgz176"},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-221054"},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-013-9273-9"},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0300-483x(00)00143-8"},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0303-7207(02)00094-1"},{"key":"B243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1994.1117"},{"key":"B244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.34.19998"},{"key":"B245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-4274(02)00288-6"},{"key":"B246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)00262-0"},{"key":"B247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107273"},{"key":"B248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108s3433"},{"key":"B249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.2000.9059"},{"key":"B250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0300-483x(00)00245-6"},{"key":"B251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29143256"},{"key":"B252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1400022"},{"key":"B253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123549"},{"key":"B254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.09.023"},{"key":"B255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.138994"},{"key":"B256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.03.006"},{"key":"B257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5266.1336"},{"key":"B258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706736104"},{"key":"B259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42846"},{"key":"B260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2022.10.002"},{"key":"B261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.08.052"},{"key":"B262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010101"},{"key":"B263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(75)90498-5"},{"key":"B264","first-page":"3554","volume":"48","author":"Correa P","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-023-02073-9"},{"key":"B266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.12.005"},{"key":"B267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01156-14"},{"key":"B268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.028880"},{"key":"B269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22116021"},{"key":"B270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.06.007"},{"key":"B271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2024.03.002"},{"key":"B272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2020-0406"},{"key":"B273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14364"},{"key":"B274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-03201-4"},{"key":"B275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15330338211039670"},{"key":"B276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2021.8131"},{"key":"B277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2015.03.010"},{"key":"B278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2021.102187"},{"key":"B279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.02.013"},{"key":"B280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6291656"},{"key":"B281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.cp0070034"},{"key":"B282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622311412420"},{"key":"B283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90576-6"},{"key":"B284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00299.2004"},{"key":"B285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-007-1589-x"},{"key":"B286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.1"},{"key":"B287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1026686705421"},{"key":"B288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI123233"},{"key":"B289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45867"},{"key":"B290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00114.2024"},{"key":"B291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2025.101699"},{"key":"B292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2023.109239"},{"key":"B293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19891215)64:12<2552::AID-CNCR2820641224>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"B294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2005.10.004"},{"key":"B295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(90)90215-e"},{"key":"B296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-97-3-588"},{"key":"B297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.84.7.2568"},{"key":"B298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.821.3"},{"key":"B299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00708.2006"},{"key":"B300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2010.02.008"},{"key":"B301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39113-0"},{"key":"B302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2550789"},{"key":"B303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000176588.51027.35"},{"key":"B304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1989.256.6.G975"},{"key":"B305","first-page":"341","volume":"24","author":"Rafsanjani FN","year":"2003","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"B306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000503300210"},{"key":"B307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89378-y"},{"key":"B308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1986.251.1.G111"},{"key":"B309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02233924"},{"key":"B310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181d6bc3e"},{"key":"B311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(88)90042-2"},{"key":"B312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1926.76.1.20"},{"key":"B313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-010X(19980415)280:6<413::AID-JEZ5>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"B314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00092"},{"key":"B315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.15.1726"},{"key":"B316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02841869409098454"},{"key":"B317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21993"},{"key":"B318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3835(01)00722-4"},{"key":"B319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.08.051"},{"key":"B320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2025.101690"},{"key":"B321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgr072"},{"key":"B322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgm150"},{"key":"B323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0219"},{"key":"B324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-010-9265-7"},{"key":"B325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.5701"},{"key":"B326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.09.050"},{"key":"B327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3603-8_28"},{"key":"B328","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2994-1"},{"key":"B329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.151244398"},{"key":"B330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2020.04.012"},{"key":"B331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6690497"},{"key":"B332","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr-21-218"},{"key":"B333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.34430"},{"key":"B334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-003-0531-x"},{"key":"B335","first-page":"1935","volume":"26","author":"Nakamura Y","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"B336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2012.06.004"},{"key":"B337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2022.04.006"},{"key":"B338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13092524"},{"key":"B339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-019-04304-y"},{"key":"B340","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1586270"},{"key":"B341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2001.02506.x"},{"key":"B342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(85)80139-6"},{"key":"B343","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx262"}],"container-title":["Physiological Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/physrev.00033.2025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T17:33:54Z","timestamp":1774978434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/physrev.00033.2025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":343,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/physrev.00033.2025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00033.2025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9333","1522-1210"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9333","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1210","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-04","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}