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To date, one gene therapy for the restoration of vision has been approved and undergoing clinical trials will broaden its application including gene replacement, genome editing, and regenerative approaches. Moreover, optogenetics, i.e. controlling the activity of cells by light, offers a more general alternative strategy. Over little more than a decade, optogenetic approaches have been developed and applied to better understand the function of biological systems, while protein engineers have identified and designed new opsin variants with desired physiological features. Considering potential clinical applications of optogenetics, the spotlight is on the sensory systems. Multiple efforts have been undertaken to restore lost or hampered function in eye and ear. Optogenetic stimulation promises to overcome fundamental shortcomings of electrical stimulation, namely poor spatial resolution and cellular specificity, and accordingly to deliver more detailed sensory information. This review aims at providing a comprehensive reference on current gene therapeutic and optogenetic research relevant to the restoration of hearing and vision. We will introduce gene-therapeutic approaches and discuss the biotechnological and optoelectronic aspects of optogenetic hearing and vision restoration. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00035.2019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T19:02:56Z","timestamp":1584644576000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Emerging approaches for restoration of hearing and vision"],"prefix":"10.1152","author":[{"given":"Sonja","family":"Kleinlogel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Vogl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Jeschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsmedizin 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