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This review discusses recent evidence for selective and sensitive control of Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>transport in the DCT and emphasizes the importance of this control in normal and abnormal renal Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>conservation. Normally, Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>absorption is load dependent in the distal tubule, whether delivery is altered by increasing luminal Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>concentration or increasing the flow rate into the DCT. With the use of microfluorescent studies with an established mouse distal convoluted tubule (MDCT) cell line, it was shown that Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>uptake was concentration and voltage dependent. Peptide hormones such as parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, glucagon, and arginine vasopressin enhance Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>absorption in the distal tubule and stimulate Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>uptake into MDCT cells. Prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and isoproterenol increase Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>entry into MDCT cells. The current evidence indicates that cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, phospholipase C, and protein kinase C signaling pathways are involved in these responses. Steroid hormones have significant effects on distal Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>transport. Aldosterone does not alter basal Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>uptake but potentiates hormone-stimulated Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>entry in MDCT cells by increasing hormone-mediated cAMP formation. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, on the other hand, stimulates basal Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>uptake. Elevation of plasma Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>or Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>inhibits hormone-stimulated cAMP accumulation and Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>uptake in MDCT cells through activation of extracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\/Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>-sensing mechanisms. Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>restriction selectively increases Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>uptake with no effect on Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>absorption. This intrinsic cellular adaptation provides the sensitive and selective control of distal Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>transport. The distally acting diuretics amiloride and chlorothiazide stimulate Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>uptake in MDCT cells acting through changes in membrane voltage. A number of familial and acquired disorders have been described that emphasize the diversity of cellular controls affecting renal Mg<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>balance. 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