{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T07:29:01Z","timestamp":1778225341111,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> 1. Dark flashes were used to evoke spatiotemporal profiles of the d wave of the electroretinogram in frog retina. The current source density technique was used to compute the extracellular current sinks and sources underlying the d wave. 2. The largest d wave current was a sink at the outer plexiform layer (OPL sink) and a source at the inner plexiform layer (IPL source). Several properties of this sink\/source, including its relative insensitivity to Ba2+, suggest that it arises from hyperpolarizing bipolar cells. 3. There was a slower IPL sink, along with a source at the inner limiting membrane (ILM source). Its properties, along with its sensitivity to Ba2+ and enhancement by picrotoxin, suggest it arises from the K+ spatial buffer currents of Muller cells. This IPL sink\/ILM source underlies the M wave. 4. A small photoreceptor sink\/source also contributes to the d wave. This is most significant during the very beginning of the d wave. 5. Our results indicate that in frog retina and at the stimulus conditions used in this paper, the d wave originates primarily and directly from the hyperpolarizing bipolar cells. Photoreceptors likely contribute a small amount, especially during the initial portion of the d wave. There is possibly a small Muller cell contribution. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.73.6.2459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,24]],"date-time":"2017-12-24T23:23:09Z","timestamp":1514157789000},"page":"2459-2469","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Current source density analysis of the electroretinographic d wave of frog retina"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"X.","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602,USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Karwoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602,USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"24","container-title":["Journal of Neurophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1152\/jn.1995.73.6.2459","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T05:18:53Z","timestamp":1568006333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.physiology.org\/doi\/10.1152\/jn.1995.73.6.2459"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,6,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1152\/jn.1995.73.6.2459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.1995.73.6.2459","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3077","1522-1598"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-1598","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,6,1]]}}}