{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T14:47:22Z","timestamp":1791038842455,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1095,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DCB-9004666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DCB-9004666"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MCB-9421349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCB-9421349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD05797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD05797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DCB-9004666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DCB-9004666"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MCB-9421349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCB-9421349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD05797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD05797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DCB-9004666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DCB-9004666"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MCB-9421349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCB-9421349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD05797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD05797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, integrative animal biologists and behavioral scientists have begun to understand\nthe complex interactions between the immune system and the neuroendocrine system.\nAmphibian metamorphosis offers a unique opportunity to study dramatic hormone\u2010driven\nchanges in the immune system in a compressed time frame. In the South African clawed frog,\n<jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic>, the larval pattern of immunity is distinct from that of the adult, and metamorphosis\nmarks the transition from one pattern to the other. Climax of metamorphosis is\ncharacterized by significant elevations in thyroid hormones, glucocorticoid hormones, and the\npituitary hormones, prolactin and growth hormone. Previously, we and others have shown that\nelevated levels of unbound glucocorticoid hormones found at climax of metamorphosis are associated\nwith a natural decline in lymphocyte numbers, lymphocyte viability, and mitogen\u2010induced\nproliferation. Here we present evidence that the mechanism for loss of lymphocytes at\nmetamorphosis is glucocorticoid\u2010induced apoptosis. Inhibition of lymphocyte function and\nloss of lymphocytes in the thymus and spleen are reversible by <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> treatment\nwith the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, RU486, whereas the mineralocorticoid receptor\nantagonist, RU26752, is poorly effective. These observations support the hypothesis that loss\nof larval lymphocytes and changes in lymphocyte function are due to elevated concentrations\nof glucocorticoids that remove unnecessary lymphocytes to allow for development of immunological\ntolerance to the new adult\u2010specific antigens that appear as a result of metamorphosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/1997\/84841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,11]],"date-time":"2008-06-11T07:54:53Z","timestamp":1213170893000},"page":"145-152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Involvement of Glucocorticoids in the Reorganization ofthe Amphibian Immune System at Metamorphosis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Louise A.","family":"Rollins-Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine S.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Tray","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]},"container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/1997\/084841.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/1997\/84841","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T20:39:21Z","timestamp":1723063161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/1997\/84841"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/1997\/84841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/1997\/84841","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-8861","2314-7156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-8861","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-7156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1996-11-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"1997-01-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}