{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:00:31Z","timestamp":1788872431603,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]],"date-time":"2007-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167609600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand-Tropical Diseases Research Fund","award":["T-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T-2"]}]},{"name":"Thailand-Tropical Diseases Research Fund","award":["PHD\/00179\/2541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD\/00179\/2541"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004396","name":"Thailand Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004396","name":"Thailand Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PHD\/00179\/2541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD\/00179\/2541"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Anandamahidol Foundation","award":["T-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T-2"]}]},{"name":"Anandamahidol Foundation","award":["PHD\/00179\/2541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD\/00179\/2541"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , an endosymbiotic bacterium found in most species of filarial parasites, is thought to play a significant role in inducing innate inflammatory responses in lymphatic filariasis patients. However, the\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    -derived molecules that are recognized by the innate immune system have not yet been identified. In this study, we exposed the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 to a recombinant form of the major\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    surface protein (rWSP) to determine if WSP is capable of innately inducing cytokine transcription. Interleukin (IL)-1\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"E1\">\n                      <mml:mi>\u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    , IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mRNAs were all upregulated by the rWSP stimulation in a dose-dependant manner. TNF transcription peaked at 3 hours, whereas IL-1\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"E2\">\n                      <mml:mi>\u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    and IL-6 transcription peaked at 6 hours post-rWSP exposure. The levels of innate cytokine expression induced by a high-dose (9.0\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"E3\">\n                      <mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    g\/mL) rWSP in the RAW 264.7 cells were comparable to the levels induced by 0.1\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"E4\">\n                      <mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    g\/mL\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    -derived lipopolysaccharides. Pretreatment of the rWSP with proteinase-K drastically reduced IL-1\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"E5\">\n                      <mml:mi>\u03b2<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    , IL-6, and TNF transcription. However, the proinflammatory response was not inhibited by polymyxin B treatment. These results strongly suggest that the major\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                    surface protein molecule WSP is an important inducer of innate immune responses during filarial infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/84318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,19]],"date-time":"2008-03-19T05:40:27Z","timestamp":1205905227000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Proinflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression by Murine Macrophages in Response to\n                    <i>Brugia malayi Wolbachia<\/i>\n                    Surface 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