{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T09:55:13Z","timestamp":1791021313395,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Foundation Trust"},{"name":"SLA Pharma"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gastroenterology Research and Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Smoking has a detrimental effect in Crohn's disease (CD), but this may be due to factors in smoking other than nicotine. Given that transdermal nicotine benefits ulcerative colitis (UC), and there is a considerable overlap in the treatment of UC and CD, the possible beneficial effect of nicotine has been examined in patients with Crohn's colitis.\n                    <jats:italic>Aims<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To assess the efficacy and safety of nicotine enemas in active Crohn's colitis.\n                    <jats:italic>Patients<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Thirteen patients with active rectosigmoid CD; 3 patients were excluded because they received antibiotics.\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Subjects were given 6\u2009mg nicotine enemas, each day for 4 weeks, in an open pilot study. At the beginning and end of the trial, a Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) score was calculated, sigmoidoscopy was performed, and haematological inflammatory markers measured.\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Mean CDAI decreased from 202 to 153\u2014the score was reduced in 6 patients, unchanged in 3, and increased in one. Frequency of bowel movements decreased in 8 patients and the sigmoidoscopy grade was reduced in 7. Mean C-reactive protein decreased from 22.0 to 12.3\u2009mg\/L. There were no withdrawals due to adverse events.\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In this relatively small study of patients with active Crohn's colitis, 6\u2009mg nicotine enemas appeared to be of clinical benefit in most patients. They were well tolerated and safe.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/237185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,30]],"date-time":"2008-03-30T04:19:25Z","timestamp":1206850765000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Nicotine Enemas for Active Crohn's Colitis: An Open Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2008","author":[{"given":"J. R.","family":"Ingram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. 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