{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T06:54:54Z","timestamp":1763016894022,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,21]],"date-time":"2008-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1221955200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"MITACS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Indoor residual spraying\u2014spraying insecticide inside houses to kill mosquitoes\u2014is an important method for controlling malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa. We propose a mathematical model for both regular and non-fixed spraying, using impulsive differential equations. First, we determine the stability properties of the nonimpulsive system. Next, we derive minimal effective spraying intervals and the degree of spraying effectiveness required to control mosquitoes when spraying occurs at regular intervals. If spraying is not fixed, then we determine the \u201cnext best\u201d spraying times. We also consider  the effects of climate change on the prevalence of mosquitoes. We show that both regular and nonfixed spraying will result in a significant reduction in the overall number of mosquitoes, as well as the number of malaria cases in humans. We thus recommend that the use of indoor spraying be re-examined for widespread application in malaria-endemic areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/745463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,23]],"date-time":"2008-12-23T14:27:11Z","timestamp":1230042431000},"page":"1-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Determining Effective Spraying Periods to Control Malaria via Indoor Residual Spraying in Sub-Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"2008","author":[{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Ottawa, 585 King Edward Ave, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 585 King Edward Ave, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5"}]},{"given":"Senelani D.","family":"Hove-Musekwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, National University of Science and Technology, P.O. 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