{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:13:49Z","timestamp":1753881229400,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,8]],"date-time":"2008-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1210204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":128,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Informatics Circle of Research Excellence (iCORE)"},{"name":"Castle Rock Research Corp."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advances in Multimedia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There are several advantages to creating multimedia item types and applying computer\u2010based adaptive testing in education. First is the capability to motivate learning by making the learners feel more engaged and in an interactive environment. Second is a better concept representation, which is not possible in conventional multiple\u2010choice tests. Third is the advantage of individualized curriculum design, rather than a curriculum designed for an average student. Fourth is a good choice of the next question, associated with the appropriate difficulty level based on a student\u2032s response to the current question. However, many issues need to be addressed when achieving these goals, including: (a) the large number of item types required to represent the current multiple\u2010choice questions in multimedia formats, (b) the criterion used to determine the difficulty level of a multimedia question item, and (c) the methodology applied to the question selection process for individual students. In this paper, we propose a multimedia item shell design that not only reduces the number of item types required, but also computes difficulty level of an item automatically. The concept of question seed is introduced to make content creation more cost\u2010effective. The proposed item shell framework facilitates efficient communication between user responses at the client, and the scoring agents integrated with a student ability assessor at the server. We also describe approaches for automatically estimating difficulty level of questions, and discuss preliminary evaluation of multimedia item types by students.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/825671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,8]],"date-time":"2008-05-08T15:55:25Z","timestamp":1210262125000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An Effective Multimedia Item Shell Design for  Individualized Education: The Crome Project"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2008","author":[{"given":"Irene","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anup","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7552(98)00200-1","article-title":"The Web: interactive and multimedia education","volume":"30","author":"Agarwal P.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Computer Networks and ISDN Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/323830.323849"},{"volume-title":"Multimedia Projects in Education: Designing, Producing and Assessing","year":"2002","author":"Ivers K.","key":"e_1_2_9_3_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","unstructured":"OrhunE. 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Adaptive learning and testing with learning objects Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE \u203204) December 2004 Melbourne Australia 1861\u20131865."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324818AME1504_02"},{"volume-title":"Fundamentals of Item Response Theory","year":"1991","author":"Hambleton R. K.","key":"e_1_2_9_12_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2691-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","first-page":"395","volume-title":"Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores","author":"Birnbaum A.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1358165042000283101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","unstructured":"GierlM. Personal communication July2006 Department of Educational Psychology University of Alberta."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChengI.andBasuA. Improving multimedia innovative item types for computer based testing Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM \u203206) December 2006 San Diego Calif USA 557\u2013566 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISM.2006.92.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISM.2006.92"}],"container-title":["Advances in Multimedia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/am\/2008\/825671.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/am\/2008\/825671.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2008\/825671","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T11:43:16Z","timestamp":1719920596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2008\/825671"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"S.","family":"Takamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2008\/825671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2008\/825671","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-5680","1687-5699"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1687-5680"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1687-5699"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-08-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-02-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-05-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"825671"}}