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The electrical stimulation of the PAG in neurosurgical patients induces panic-like symptoms and the effect of drugs that are effective in the treatment of PD in the simulation of public speaking model of anxiety is in agreement with data from animal models of PD. Structural neuroimaging studies have shown increases in gray matter volume of midbrain and pons of PD patients. There is also evidence of lower serotonin transporter and receptor binding, and increases of metabolism in the midbrain of PD patients. Nevertheless, these midbrain abnormalities can not be considered as specific findings, since neuroimaging data indicate that PD patients have abnormalities in other brain structures that process fear and anxiety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/108135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,10]],"date-time":"2009-03-10T16:19:54Z","timestamp":1236701994000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Panic Disorder: Is the PAG Involved?"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2009","author":[{"given":"Cristina Marta","family":"Del-Ben","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Division, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14048-900 Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederico Guilherme","family":"Graeff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Division, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o 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