{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T17:07:28Z","timestamp":1758906448184,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,23]],"date-time":"2009-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1237766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":81,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PPAR Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently infection with the human immunodeficiency virus\u20101 (HIV\u20101) is in most instances a chronic disease that can be controlled by effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, chronic use of ART has been associated with a number of toxicities; including significant reductions in bone mineral density (BMD) and disorders of the fat metabolism. The peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptor gamma (PPAR<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>) transcription factor is vital for the development and maintenance of mature and developing adipocytes. Alterations in PPAR<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> expression have been implicated as a factor in the mechanism of HIV\u20101\u2010associated lipodystrophy. Both reduced BMD and lipodystrophy have been well described as complications of HIV\u20101 infection and treatment, and a question remains as to their interdependence. Interestingly, both adipocytes and osteoblasts are derived from a common precursor cell type; the mesenchymal stem cell. The possibility that dysregulation of PPAR<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> (and the subsequent effect on both osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis) is a contributory factor in the lipid\u2010 and bone\u2010abnormalities observed in HIV\u20101 infection and treatment has also been investigated. This review deals with the hypothesis that dysregulation of PPAR<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> may underpin the bone abnormalities associated with HIV\u20101 infection, and treats the current knowledge and prospective developments, in our understanding of PPAR<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> involvement in HIV\u20101\u2010associated bone disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/421376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,24]],"date-time":"2009-03-24T09:58:01Z","timestamp":1237888681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Is PPAR<i>\u03b3<\/i> a Prospective Player in HIV\u20101\u2010Associated Bone Disease?"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2009","author":[{"given":"Eoin J.","family":"Cotter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick W.","family":"Mallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter P.","family":"Doran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200202011-00005","article-title":"Long-term exposure to lifelong therapies","volume":"29","author":"Powderly W. 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