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In this paper, we first introduce CF tasks and their main challenges, such as data sparsity, scalability, synonymy, gray sheep, shilling attacks, privacy protection, etc., and their possible solutions. We then present three main categories of CF techniques: memory-based, model-based, and hybrid CF algorithms (that combine CF with other recommendation techniques), with examples for representative algorithms of each category, and analysis of their predictive performance and their ability to address the challenges. From basic techniques to the state-of-the-art, we attempt to present a comprehensive survey for CF techniques, which can be served as a roadmap for research and practice in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/421425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,28]],"date-time":"2009-10-28T14:40:26Z","timestamp":1256740826000},"page":"1-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2324,"title":["A Survey of Collaborative Filtering Techniques"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2009","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}]},{"given":"Taghi M.","family":"Khoshgoftaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1145\/138859.138867","volume":"35","year":"1992","journal-title":"Communications of ACM"},{"issue":"3","key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1145\/245108.245121","volume":"40","year":"1997","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011419012209"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1010614.1010618"},{"issue":"1","key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2003.1167344","volume":"7","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Computing"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/963770.963774"},{"issue":"3","key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.37.3.363.18779","volume":"37","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Research"},{"key":"113","first-page":"1265","volume":"6","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"91","first-page":"1441","volume-title":"A maximum entropy approach to collaborative filtering in dynamic, sparse, high-dimensional domains","year":"2002"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2005.99"},{"key":"133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2004.1264822"},{"issue":"6","key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199009)41:6<391::AID-ASI1>3.0.CO;2-9","volume":"41","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science"},{"key":"94","first-page":"559","volume":"2","year":"1901","journal-title":"Philosophical Magazine"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-005-0469-0"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/963770.963775"},{"key":"118","first-page":"1329","volume-title":"Maximum-margin matrix factorization","volume":"17","year":"2005"},{"issue":"6","key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3233\/IDA-2004-8604","volume":"8","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intelligent Data Analysis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1137\/1037127","volume":"37","year":"1995","journal-title":"SIAM Review"},{"issue":"11","key":"80","volume":"43","year":"2002","journal-title":"Information Processing Society of Japan"},{"issue":"1","key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026526","volume":"28","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1031114.1031116"},{"key":"112","year":"1976"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-111X(200008)15:8<745::AID-INT4>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/963770.963772"},{"key":"104","year":"1983"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/963770.963776"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:INRT.0000048492.50961.a6"},{"issue":"3","key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.1988.10509663","volume":"6","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Business & Economic Statistics"},{"key":"103","year":"1987"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994017"},{"key":"96","year":"1988"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"31","first-page":"131","volume":"29","year":"1997","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"1","key":"44","first-page":"49","volume":"1","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"41","year":"2001"},{"issue":"6","key":"34","first-page":"721","volume":"6","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x","volume":"39","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 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