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In vitro studies using cultured murine and human adipocytes revealed that some protease inhibitors (PIs) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) were implicated to a different extent in adipose cell dysfunction and that a chronic incubation with some PIs decreased mRNA and protein expression of PPAR<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>. Defective lamin A maturation linked to PI inhibitory activity could impede the nuclear translocation of SREBP1c, therefore, reducing PPAR<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> expression. Adipose cell function was partially restored by the PPAR<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> agonists, thiazolidinediones. Adverse effects of PIs and NRTIs have also been reported in macrophages, a cell type that coexists with, and modulates, adipocyte function in fat tissue. In HIV\u2010infected patients under ART, a decreased expression of PPAR<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> and of PPAR<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\u2010related genes was observed in adipose tissue, these anomalies being more severe in patients with ART\u2010induced lipoatrophy. Altered PPAR<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> expression was reversed in patients stopping PIs. Treatment of patients with agonists of PPAR<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> could improve, at least partially, the subcutaneous lipoatrophy. These data indicate that decreased PPAR<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> expression and PPAR<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\u2010related function, resulting from ART\u2010induced adipose tissue toxicity, play a central role in HIV\u2010related lipoatrophy and metabolic consequences.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/507141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,31]],"date-time":"2008-12-31T05:47:17Z","timestamp":1230702437000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Antiretroviral\u2010Related Adipocyte Dysfunction and Lipodystrophy in HIV\u2010Infected Patients: Alteration of the PPAR<i>\u03b3<\/i>\u2010Dependent Pathways"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2009","author":[{"given":"Martine","family":"Caron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Vigouroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Bastard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Capeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350400900206","article-title":"Adipocytes targets and actors in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated lipodystrophy and metabolic alterations","volume":"9","author":"Gougeon M.-L.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antiviral Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803698"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041811"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350400900609","article-title":"Complications associated with NRTI therapy: update on clinical features and possible pathogenic mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Nolan D.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antiviral Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350601100610","article-title":"HIV-1 infection alters gene expression in adipose tissue, which contributes to HIV-1\/HAART-associated \nlipodystrophy","volume":"11","author":"Giralt M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antiviral Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161206776055796"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","first-page":"26","article-title":"The long-term consequences of antiretroviral therapy: a review","volume":"11","author":"Boyd M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of HIV Therapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2.3.429"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000183629.20041.bb","article-title":"Glucose metabolism, lipid, and body fat changes in antiretroviral-naive subjects randomized to nelfinavir or efavirenz plus dual nucleosides","volume":"19","author":"Dub\u00e9 M. 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