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To capture the complex tissue spatial layout, a probabilistic model termed Constrained Gaussian Mixture Model (CGMM) is proposed based on a mixture of multiple spatially oriented Gaussians per tissue. The intensity of a tissue is considered a global parameter and is constrained, by a parameter\u2010tying scheme, to be the same value for the entire set of Gaussians that are related to the same tissue. MS lesions are identified as outlier Gaussian components and are grouped to form a new class in addition to the healthy tissue classes. A probability\u2010based curve evolution technique is used to refine the delineation of lesion boundaries. The proposed CGMM\u2010CE algorithm is used to segment 3D MRI brain images with an arbitrary number of channels. The CGMM\u2010CE algorithm is automated and does not require an atlas for initialization or parameter learning. Experimental results on both standard brain MRI simulation data and real data indicate that the proposed method outperforms previously suggested approaches, especially for highly noisy data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/715124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,10]],"date-time":"2009-09-10T14:01:37Z","timestamp":1252591297000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Detection Using Constrained GMM and Curve Evolution"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2009","author":[{"given":"Oren","family":"Freifeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hayit","family":"Greenspan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Goldberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08220-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20156"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1987.00520190040015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00718015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","article-title":"Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Paty D. 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