{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:34:54Z","timestamp":1753886094848,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,4]],"date-time":"2010-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1280880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":215,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-06-1-0375","P200A070344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-06-1-0375","P200A070344"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000138","name":"U.S. Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-06-1-0375","P200A070344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-06-1-0375","P200A070344"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000138","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The error mechanisms of iterative message\u2010passing decoders for low\u2010density parity\u2010check codes are studied. A tutorial review is given of the various graphical structures, including trapping sets, stopping sets, and absorbing sets that are frequently used to characterize the errors observed in simulations of iterative decoding of low\u2010density parity\u2010check codes. The connections between trapping sets and deviations on computation trees are explored in depth using the notion of<jats:italic>problematic<\/jats:italic>trapping sets in order to bridge the experimental and analytic approaches to these error mechanisms. A new iterative algorithm for finding low\u2010weight problematic trapping sets is presented and shown to be capable of identifying many trapping sets that are frequently observed during iterative decoding of low\u2010density parity\u2010check codes on the additive white Gaussian noise channel. Finally, a new method is given for characterizing the weight of deviations that result from problematic trapping sets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/432495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,4]],"date-time":"2010-08-04T22:19:17Z","timestamp":1280960357000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Manifestation of Stopping Sets and Absorbing Sets as Deviations on the Computation Trees of LDPC Codes"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2010","author":[{"given":"Eric","family":"Psota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lance C.","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/0108018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1967.1054010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BerrouC. 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Error floors of LDPC codes Proceedings of the 41st Allerton Conference on Communications Control and Computing October 2003 Monticello Ill USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/18.910587"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PsotaE.andP\u00e9rezL. C. 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