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The widespread emergence of resistance to pentavalent antimonials in India where half cases occur globally and the unavailability of a vaccine in clinical use constitute major obstacles in achieving this goal. The last decade new antileishmanials became available, including the oral agent miltefosine. However, in poor endemic countries their wide use was curtailed because of the high costs, and also due to concerns of toxicity and emergence of resistance. Various mechanisms of antileishmanial resistance were identified recently in field isolates. Their elucidation will boost the design of new drugs and the molecular surveillance of resistance. Combination regimens should be evaluated in large trials. Overall, the development of antileishmanials has been generally slow; new drugs are needed. In order to control visceral leishmaniasis worldwide, treatment advances should become affordable in the poorest countries, where they are needed most.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/617521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,2]],"date-time":"2009-11-02T06:33:09Z","timestamp":1257143589000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Drug Resistance in Visceral Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2010","author":[{"given":"Helena C.","family":"Maltezou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Interventions in Health-Care Facilities, Hellenic Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 15123 Athens, 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