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Amplified genes code for adenosine triphosphate-dependent transporters (multidrug resistance and P-glycoproteins P), enzymes involved in trypanothione pathway, particularly gamma glutamyl cysteine synthase, and others involved in folates metabolism, such as dihydrofolate reductase and pterine reductase. The aim of this study was to detect and quantify the amplification of these genes in clinical strains of visceral leishmaniasis agents:<jats:italic>Leishmania infantum, L. donovani<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>L. archibaldi<\/jats:italic>. Relative quantification experiments by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that multidrug resistance gene amplification is the more frequent event. For P-glycoproteins P and dihydrofolate reductase genes, level of amplification was comparable to the level observed after in vitro selection of resistant clones. Gene amplification is therefore a common phenomenon in wild strains concurring to<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>genomic plasticity. This finding, which corroborates results of experimental studies, supports a better understanding of metal resistance selection and spreading in endemic areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/819060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,12]],"date-time":"2010-07-12T14:37:06Z","timestamp":1278945426000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Frequency of Drug Resistance Gene Amplification in Clinical<i>Leishmania<\/i>Strains"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2010","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Mary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, H\u00f4pital de la Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Faraut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, H\u00f4pital de la Timone, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, 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