{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T10:09:30Z","timestamp":1785751770273,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007359","name":"Al-Saeed Foundation for Science and Culture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Science and Technology, Sana\u2019a"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of the study is to investigate whether the<jats:italic>Hibiscus aethiopicus<\/jats:italic>L. plant has neutralization activity against venoms of two clinically important snakes. The<jats:italic>H. aethiopicus<\/jats:italic>was dried and extracted with water. Different assays were performed to evaluate the plant's acute toxicity and its anti-snake venom activities. The results showed that<jats:italic>H. aethiopicus<\/jats:italic>extract alone had no effect on the viability of C<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>C<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>muscle cells, but significantly (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) protected muscle cells against the toxic effects of<jats:italic>E. ocellatus<\/jats:italic>venom at 55, 150, and 300\u2009<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math>g\/mL. The maximum protective effect of the extract was exhibited at 75\u2009<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math>g\/mL. The extract significantly (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) inhibited the cytotoxic effects of<jats:italic>E. ocellatus<\/jats:italic>venom at 300\u2009<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math>g\/mL. All rabbits (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>10<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) and guinea pigs (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>10<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) were alive after the two weeks of given the lethal dosage 16\u2009g\/Kg of the<jats:italic>H. aethiopicus<\/jats:italic>extract herbal solution. No abnormal behaviour was observed of both groups of animals. All guinea pigs (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>3<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) treated with venoms alone (5\u2009mg\/kg) died. However, all guinea pigs (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>21<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) treated with venom (5\u2009mg\/kg) and the extract (400 to 1000\u2009mg\/kg) survived. Guinea pigs (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>3<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) treated with<jats:italic>Naja n. nigricollis<\/jats:italic>venom alone (2.5\u2009mg\/kg) and guinea pigs (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>21<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) venom with the extract (400 to 1000\u2009mg\/kg) died. The<jats:italic>H. aethiopicus<\/jats:italic>completely (100%) blocked the haemorrhagic activity of<jats:italic>E. ocellatus<\/jats:italic>in the egg embryo at 3.3\u2009mg\/mL of extract. These findings suggest that<jats:italic>H. aethiopicus<\/jats:italic>may contain an endogenous inhibitor of venom-induced haemorrhage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/837864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,6]],"date-time":"2010-06-06T10:34:29Z","timestamp":1275820469000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Antisnake Venom Activity of<i>Hibiscus aethiopicus<\/i>L. against<i>Echis ocellatus<\/i>and<i>Naja n. nigricollis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2010","author":[{"given":"S. S.","family":"Hasson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Muscat, Oman"},{"name":"Alex Close, off Gibson Road, Liverpool, L8 1SU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. A.","family":"Al-Jabri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. A.","family":"Sallam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. S.","family":"Al-Balushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. A. A.","family":"Mothana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. 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