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This framework utilizes a set of spherical operators centered at each image pixel, grown to reach, but not cross, the nearest object boundary by incorporating \u201cshells\u201d of pixel intensity values while analyzing intensity mean, variance, and first\u2010order moment. Pairs of spheres on opposite sides of putative boundaries are then analyzed to determine boundary<jats:italic>reflectance<\/jats:italic>which is used to further constrain sphere size, establishing a consensus as to boundary location. The centers of a subset of spheres identified as<jats:italic>medial<\/jats:italic>(touching at least two boundaries) are connected to identify the interior of a particular anatomical structure. For the automated 3D algorithm, the only manual interaction consists of tracing a single contour on a 2D slice to optimize parameters, and identifying an initial point within the target structure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/980872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,10]],"date-time":"2010-06-10T15:38:22Z","timestamp":1276184302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Shells and Spheres: An n\u2010Dimensional Framework for Medial\u2010Based Image Segmentation"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2010","author":[{"given":"Aaron","family":"Cois","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John","family":"Galeotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Tamburo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sacks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"George","family":"Stetten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-664X(80)90054-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00133570"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","series-title":"Cambridge Monographs on Applied and Computational Mathematics, no. 3","volume-title":"Level Set Methods: Evolving Interfaces in Geometry, Fluid Mechanics, Computer Vision, and Materials Science","author":"Sethian J. 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