{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T03:45:56Z","timestamp":1768707956292,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Study objectives<\/jats:italic>. To assess serum amyloid alpha (SAA) pleural fluid levels in parapneumonic effusion (PPE) and to investigate SAA diagnostic performance in PPE diagnosis and outcome.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. We studied prospectively 57 consecutive patients with PPE (empyema (EMP), complicated (CPE), and uncomplicated parapneumonic effusion (UPE)). SAA, CRP, TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6 levels were evaluated in serum and pleural fluid at baseline. Patients were followed for 6-months to detect pleural thickening\/loculations.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Pleural SAA levels (mg\/dL) median(IQR) were significantly higher in CPE compared to UPE (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.04<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>); CRP levels were higher in EMP and CPE compared to UPE (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). There was no significant difference between IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 level in different PPE forms. No significant association between SAA levels and 6-month outcome was found. At 6-months, patients with no evidence of loculations\/thickening had significantly higher pleural fluid pH, glucose levels (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.03<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>), lower LDH (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.005<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>), IL-1\u03b2 levels (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) compared to patients who presented pleural loculations\/thickening.<jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. SAA is increased in complicated PPE, and it might be useful as a biomarker for UPE and CPE diagnosis. SAA levels did not demonstrate considerable diagnostic performance in identifying patients who develop pleural thickening\/loculations after a PPE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/237638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,25]],"date-time":"2011-08-25T19:00:33Z","timestamp":1314298833000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Serum Amyloid Alpha in Parapneumonic Effusions"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2011","author":[{"given":"Vagelis","family":"Boultadakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Department, University Hospital of Larissa, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasilis","family":"Skouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSismanoglio\u201d General Hospital of Attica, 15126 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Demosthenes","family":"Makris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Department, University Hospital of Larissa, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece"},{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aggeliki","family":"Damianaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Department, Chania General Hospital, 73300 Chania, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios J.","family":"Nikoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Department, University Hospital of Larissa, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theodoros","family":"Kiropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Department, University Hospital of Larissa, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Smaragda","family":"Oikonomidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Department, University Hospital of Larissa, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Tsilioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Department, University Hospital of Larissa, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Gourgoulianis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Department, University Hospital of Larissa, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, 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