{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T23:20:22Z","timestamp":1773357622638,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The occurrence of coinfections in human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) patients was investigated using a retrospective data of hospital records at the National Sleeping Sickness Referral Hospital in Alupe, Kenya. A total of 31 patients, 19 males and 12 females, were diagnosed with HAT between the years 2000 and 2009. The observed co-infections included malaria (100%), helminthosis (64.5%), typhoid (22.5%), urinary tract infections (16.1%), HIV (12.9%), and tuberculosis (3.2%). The species of helminthes observed included<jats:italic>Ancylostoma duodenale<\/jats:italic>(38.7%),<jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>(45.7%),<jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>(9.7%), and<jats:italic>Taenia<\/jats:italic>spp. (3.2%). The patients were also infected with<jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>spp. (32.3%) and<jats:italic>Trichomonas hominis<\/jats:italic>(22.6%) protozoan parasites. The main clinical signs observed at the point of admission included headache (74.2%), fever (48.4%), sleep disorders (45.2%), and general body pain (41.9%). The HAT patients were treated with suramin (early stage, 9\/31) and melarsoprol (late stage, 22\/31). In conclusion, the study has shown that HAT patients have multiple co-infections which may influence the disease pathogenesis and complicate management of HAT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/248914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,11]],"date-time":"2011-09-11T15:00:37Z","timestamp":1315753237000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Prevalence and Types of Coinfections in Sleeping Sickness Patients in Kenya (2000\/2009)"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2011","author":[{"given":"J. M.","family":"Kagira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, P.O. Box 24481, Nairobi 00502, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Maina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. 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