{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:18:32Z","timestamp":1790864312479,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 CA121973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 CA121973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Skin Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With an incidence that is increasing at 2\u20135% per year, cutaneous melanoma is an international scourge that disproportionately targets young individuals. Despite much research, the treatment of advanced disease is still quite challenging. Immunotherapy with high-dose interferon-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>2b or interleukin-2 benefits a select group of patients in the adjuvant and metastatic settings, respectively, with significant attendant toxicity. Advances in the biology of malignant melanoma and the role of immunomodulatory therapy have produced advances that have stunned the field. In this paper, we review the data for the use of interferon-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>2b in various dosing ranges, vaccine therapy, and the role of radiotherapy in the adjuvant setting for malignant melanoma. Recent trials in the metastatic setting using anticytoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (anti-CTLA-4) monoclonal antibody therapy and BRAF inhibitor therapy have demonstrated clear benefit with prolongation of survival. Trials investigating combinations of these novel agents with existing immunomodulators are at present underway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/274382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,19]],"date-time":"2011-12-19T21:00:42Z","timestamp":1324328442000},"page":"1-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Adjuvant Therapy: Melanoma"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2011","author":[{"given":"Diwakar","family":"Davar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3193-9702","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Tarhini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Kirkwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.1.158","volume":"18","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2011.04.030","volume":"47","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1003466"},{"issue":"26","key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1104621","volume":"364","year":"2011","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"26","key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1103782","volume":"364","year":"2011","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.17.5448"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0b013e328042bb36"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05073.x"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.07.070"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-7372(03)00074-4"},{"issue":"18","key":"11","first-page":"8526","volume":"25","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq009"},{"issue":"16","key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.16.3635","volume":"19","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2009.129"},{"issue":"5781","key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/287401a0","volume":"287","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.05.2498"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-008-0466-9"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-3031"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-005-1580-1"},{"issue":"11","key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1995.13.11.2776","volume":"13","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1996.14.1.7","volume":"14","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"12","key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.12.2444","volume":"18","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"9","key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.9.2370","volume":"19","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"5","key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1994.12.5.1036","volume":"12","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"5","key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.5.1430","volume":"19","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-1103-3"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.16.3121"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8505","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.8505","volume":"29","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"6","key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(02)01102-9","volume":"184","year":"2002","journal-title":"The American Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8506","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.8506","volume":"29","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67482-X"},{"issue":"9120","key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)12445-X","volume":"351","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdn001"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.23.1704"},{"issue":"2","key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70288-6","volume":"12","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Lancet Oncology"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.487038"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.03.028"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2007.00921.x"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61033-8"},{"issue":"15","key":"41","first-page":"LBA8506","volume":"28","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"3","key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2003.07.004","volume":"40","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90030-2"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.03.185"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2000.1623"},{"issue":"3 b","key":"47","first-page":"1947","volume":"24","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anticancer Research"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19013","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.e19013","volume":"28","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001782"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930903002479"},{"issue":"10","key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.453","volume":"41","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"issue":"18s","key":"52","first-page":"8506","volume":"25","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.17.1777"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa053007"},{"issue":"1","key":"55","first-page":"1","volume":"2","year":"1995","journal-title":"Therapeutic Immunology"},{"issue":"23","key":"56","first-page":"6561","volume":"52","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25211"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2010.01072.x"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-0279"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2009.01.009"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-0705"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.03.7960"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21678"},{"issue":"15s","key":"64","first-page":"8587","volume":"28","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2006.11.022"},{"issue":"6 d","key":"67","first-page":"5041","volume":"20","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anticancer Research"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/sonc.2002.35240"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20166"},{"key":"70","first-page":"17","volume":"3","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Immunity"},{"issue":"2","key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/00002371-200403000-00006","volume":"27","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Immunotherapy"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8535","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.8535","volume":"29","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"6","key":"73","first-page":"636","volume":"25","year":"1998","journal-title":"Seminars in Oncology"},{"issue":"13","key":"74","first-page":"2783","volume":"55","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"issue":"15s","key":"75","first-page":"8505","volume":"28","year":"2010","journal-title":"8505"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.12.094"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.10.1709"},{"issue":"4","key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200210000-00006","volume":"236","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annals of Surgery"},{"issue":"18s","key":"79","first-page":"8508","volume":"25","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"18s","key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"LBA9084","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2009.27.18s.lba9084","volume":"27","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"15s","key":"81","first-page":"9008","volume":"27","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8536","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.8536","volume":"29","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.2503","volume":"29","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"84","first-page":"57","volume":"2","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proceedings American Society of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"12","key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19841215)54:12<2844::AID-CNCR2820541205>3.0.CO;2-Q","volume":"54","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"7","key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1985.3.7.977","volume":"3","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"9","key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1984.2.9.1002","volume":"2","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"8","key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1987.5.8.1240","volume":"5","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"6","key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1985.127","volume":"51","year":"1985","journal-title":"The British Journal of Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/00000421-199012000-00004","volume":"13","year":"1990","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"2","key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19860715)58:2<215::AID-CNCR2820580202>3.0.CO;2-P","volume":"58","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1986.6.1","volume":"6","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Interferon Research"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.24.6264"},{"issue":"4","key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1998.16.4.1425","volume":"16","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"9120","key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)12445-X","volume":"351","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06068-8"},{"key":"106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.23.1704"},{"issue":"15","key":"108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198210073071503","volume":"307","year":"1982","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"109","first-page":"S81","volume":"24","year":"1988","journal-title":"European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology"},{"issue":"6","key":"110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)42582-X","volume":"61","year":"1981","journal-title":"Surgical Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"9","key":"111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1998.16.9.2906","volume":"16","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"116","volume":"29","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"117","volume":"29","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Skin Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jsc\/2011\/274382.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jsc\/2011\/274382.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jsc\/2011\/274382.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T02:20:11Z","timestamp":1640053211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jsc\/2011\/274382\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["274382","274382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2011\/274382","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-2905","2090-2913"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-2905","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-2913","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}}}