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Unfortunately, many commonly used experimental vaccine adjuvants, such as cholera toxin and<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>heat-labile toxin, are too toxic for use in humans. Because new adjuvants are needed, cytokines have been evaluated for their ability to provide effective adjuvant activity when delivered by the nasal route in both animal models and in limited human studies. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the potential of cytokines as nasal vaccine adjuvants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/289597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,31]],"date-time":"2011-07-31T19:00:27Z","timestamp":1312138827000},"page":"1-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Cytokines: The Future of Intranasal Vaccine Adjuvants"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2011","author":[{"given":"Afton L.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. 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