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Recent studies demonstrate that cortical areas such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) may also contribute to the formation of fear memory, including trace fear memory and remote fear memory. At synaptic level, fear conditioning also triggers plastic changes within the cortical areas immediately after the condition. These results raise the possibility that certain forms of synaptic plasticity may occur within the cortex while synaptic potentiation takes place within synapses in the hippocampus and amygdala. This hypothesis is supported by electrophysiological evidence obtained from freely moving animals that neurons in the hippocampus\/amygdala fire synchronous activities with cortical neurons during the learning. To study fear-related synaptic plasticity in the cortex and its functional connectivity with neurons in the amygdala and hippocampus will help us understand brain mechanisms of fear and improve clinical treatment of emotional disorders in patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/813749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,7]],"date-time":"2011-09-07T15:02:36Z","timestamp":1315407756000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Interplay of Amygdala and Cingulate Plasticity in Emotional Fear"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2011","author":[{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Toyoda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Room no. 3342, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, 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