{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T02:02:44Z","timestamp":1760061764409,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,13]],"date-time":"2011-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":285,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Neural networks and fuzzy systems are two soft\u2010computing paradigms for system modelling. Adapting a neural or fuzzy system requires to solve two optimization problems: structural optimization and parametric optimization. Structural optimization is a discrete optimization problem which is very hard to solve using conventional optimization techniques. Parametric optimization can be solved using conventional optimization techniques, but the solution may be easily trapped at a bad local optimum. Evolutionary computation is a general\u2010purpose stochastic global optimization approach under the universally accepted neo\u2010Darwinian paradigm, which is a combination of the classical Darwinian evolutionary theory, the selectionism of Weismann, and the genetics of Mendel. Evolutionary algorithms are a major approach to adaptation and optimization. In this paper, we first introduce evolutionary algorithms with emphasis on genetic algorithms and evolutionary strategies. Other evolutionary algorithms such as genetic programming, evolutionary programming, particle swarm optimization, immune algorithm, and ant colony optimization are also described. Some topics pertaining to evolutionary algorithms are also discussed, and a comparison between evolutionary algorithms and simulated annealing is made. Finally, the application of EAs to the learning of neural networks as well as to the structural and parametric adaptations of fuzzy systems is also detailed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/938240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,13]],"date-time":"2011-10-13T19:03:31Z","timestamp":1318532611000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Evolutionary Computation and Its Applications in Neural and Fuzzy Systems"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2011","author":[{"given":"Biaobiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jiabin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K.-L.","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.784219"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-18965-4_24","volume-title":"Advances in Evolutionary Computing: Theory and Applications","author":"Ku K. W. C.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/276408"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_2","unstructured":"TurneyP. Myths and legends of the Baldwin effect Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Machine Learning 1996 Bari Italy 135\u2013142."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_2","unstructured":"Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org."},{"volume-title":"Neural Networks in a Softcomputing Framework","year":"2006","author":"Du K. -L.","key":"e_1_2_15_6_2"},{"volume-title":"Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems","year":"1975","author":"Holland J.","key":"e_1_2_15_7_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020\u20100255(03)00178\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_2","unstructured":"WolpertD. H.andMacreadyW. G. No free lunch theorems for search 1995 no. SFI-TR-95-02-010 Santa Fe Institute."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_2","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Foundations of Genetic Algorithms","author":"Wright A. H.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_2","first-page":"493","article-title":"Messy genetic algorithms: motivation, analysis, and first results","volume":"3","author":"Goldberg D. E.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Complex Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1994.2.3.249","article-title":"Changing representations during search: a comparative study of delta coding","volume":"2","author":"Mathias K.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Evolution Computing"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_2","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Foundations of Genetic Algorithms","author":"Goldberg D. E.","year":"1990"},{"volume-title":"Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning","year":"1989","author":"Goldberg D. E.","key":"e_1_2_15_14_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/72.265964"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_2","first-page":"374","volume-title":"Handbook of Genetic Algorithms","author":"Davis L.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_2","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Foundations of Genetic Algorithms","author":"Smith J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_2","unstructured":"De JongK. An analysis of the behavior of a class of genetic adaptive systems Ph.D. thesis 1975 The University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor Mich USA."},{"volume-title":"Genetic Programming","year":"1993","author":"Koza J. R.","key":"e_1_2_15_19_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_2","unstructured":"FrantzD. R. Non-linearities in genetic adaptive search Ph.D. thesis 1972 The University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor Mich USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_2","unstructured":"SyswerdaG. SchafferJ. D. Uniform crossover in genetic algorithms Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms 1989 Fairfax Va USA 2\u20139."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_2","first-page":"265","volume-title":"Foundations of Genetic Algorithms","author":"Eshelman L. J.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_2","unstructured":"SchafferJ. D. CaruanaR. A. EshelmanL. J. andDasR. SchafferJ. D. A study of control parameters affecting online performance of genetic algorithms for function optimisation Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms 1989 Arlington Va USA Morgan Kaufmann 70\u201379."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0255(94)90123-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_2","series-title":"LNCS 899","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-59046-3_9","volume-title":"Evolution and Biocomputation","author":"Mulenbein H.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_2","unstructured":"MuhlenbeinH. SchafferJ. D. Parallel genetic algorithms population genetics and combinatorial optimization Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms 1989 Morgan Kaufman 416\u2013421."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_2","unstructured":"DavisL. BookerL. Bit-climbing representational bias and test suite design Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms 1991 Morgan Kaufmann 18\u201323."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2003.808184"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_2","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Handbook of Genetic Algorithms","author":"Davis L.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-03315-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_2","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Foundations of Genetic Algorithms","author":"Eshelman L. J.","year":"1993"},{"volume-title":"Numerical Optimization of Computer Models","year":"1981","author":"Schwefel H. P.","key":"e_1_2_15_32_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2002.804317"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-18965-4_2","volume-title":"Advances in Evolutionary Computing: Theory and Applications","author":"Yao X.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.220.4598.671"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_2","unstructured":"GrefenstetteJ. GopalR. RosmaitaB. andGuchtD. GrefenstetteJ. Genetic algorithms for the travelling saleman problem Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms and their Applications 1985 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 160\u2013168."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_2","unstructured":"WhitleyD. StarkweatherT. andFuquayD. SchafferJ. D. Scheduling problems and traveling salesmen: the genetic edge recombination operator Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms 1989 Morgan Kaufmann 133\u2013140."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_2","first-page":"284","volume-title":"Foundations of Genetic Algorithms","author":"Fox B. R.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/ijoc.6.2.154"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_2","unstructured":"KnjazewD.andGoldbergD. E. WhitleyL. D. GoldbergD. E.et al. OMEGA\u2014ordering messy GA: solving permutation problems with the fast messy genetic algorithm and random keys Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computing Conference 2000 Las Vegas Nev USA Morgan Kaufmann 181\u2013188."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_2","unstructured":"GoldbergD. E. DebK. KarguptaH. andHarikG. Rapid accurate optimization of difficult problems using fast messy genetic algorithms Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms 1993 Urbana-Champaign Ill USA 56\u201364."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_42_2","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Genetic Algorithms for Pattern Recognition","author":"Patnaik L. M.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_2","unstructured":"OchoaG. HarveyI. andBuxtonH. BanzhafW. DaidaJ. andEibenA. E. On recombination and optimal mutation rates Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computing Conference (GECCO \u201999) 1999 Morgan Kaufmann 488\u2013495."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_2","series-title":"LNCS 496","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0029727","volume-title":"Parallel Problem Solving from Nature","author":"Hesser J.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_2","unstructured":"GoldbergD. E. Optimal initial population size for binary-coded genetic algorithms TCGA Report 1985 no. 850001 The Clearinghouse for Genetic Algorithms University of Alabama Tuscalossa Ala USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_2","unstructured":"FogartyT. C. Varying the probability of mutation in the genetic algorithm Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms 1989 Fairfax Va USA 104\u2013109."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ArabasJ. MichalewiczZ. andMulawkaJ. GAVaPS\u2014a genetic algorithm with varying population size Proceedings of the 1st IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation June 1994 Orlando Fla USA 73\u201378 2-s2.0-0028558003.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEC.1994.350039"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"la TendresseI. GottliebJ. andKaoO. The effects of partial restarts in evolutionary search Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Artificial Evolution 2001 Le Creusot France Springer 117\u2013127 LNCS 2310.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-46033-0_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00993252"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3477.764878"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2003.812217"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_52_2","unstructured":"WhitleyD. SchafferJ. D. The GENITOR algorithm and selective pressure Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms 1989 Morgan Kaufmann 116\u2013121."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09528139008953723"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_54_2","unstructured":"ManderickB.andSpiessensP. SchafferJ. D. Fine-grained parallel genetic algorithms Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms 1989 Morgan Kaufmann 428\u2013433."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_55_2","unstructured":"CollinsR. J.andJeffersonD. R. BelewR. K.andBookerL. B. Selection in massively parallel genetic algorithms Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms 1991 Morgan Kaufmann 249\u2013256."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_56_2","unstructured":"DavidorY. BelewR. K.andBookerL. B. A naturally occurring niche and species phenomenon: the model and first results Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms 1991 Morgan Kaufmann 257\u2013262."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_57_2","unstructured":"CartwrightH. M.andHarrisS. P. The application of the genetic algorithm to two-dimensional strings: the source apportionment problem Proceedings of the International Conference on Genetic Algorithms 1993 Urbana-Champaign Ill USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_58_2","unstructured":"CherkauerK. J. Genetic search for nearest-neighbor exemplars Proceedings of the 4th Midwest Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science Conference 1992 Utica Ill USA 87\u201391."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SatoY.andOchiaiT. McDonnelJ. R. ReynoldsR. G. andFogelD. B. 2-D genetic algorithms for determining neural network structure and weights Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming 1995 San Diego Calif USA MIT Press 789\u2013804.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2887.003.0065"},{"volume-title":"Evolutionsstrategie\u2014Optimierung Technischer Systeme Nach Prinzipien der Biologischen Information","year":"1973","author":"Rechenberg I.","key":"e_1_2_15_60_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_61_2","series-title":"LNCS 496","first-page":"188","volume-title":"Parallel Problem Solving from Nature","author":"Herdy M.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1993.1.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_63_2","unstructured":"HansenN.andOstermeierA. Adapting arbitrary normal mutation distributions in evolution strategies: the covariance matrix adaptation Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation (ICEC \u203296) May 1996 Nagoya Japan 312\u2013317 2-s2.0-0029722015."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/106365601750190398"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2004.826132"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-88163-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/72.238311"},{"volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence through Simulated Evolution","year":"1966","author":"Fogel L.","key":"e_1_2_15_68_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_69_2","unstructured":"MoscatoP. On evolution search optimization genetic algorithms and martial arts: towards memetic algorithms Technical Report 1989 no. 826 Caltech Concurrent Computation Program California Institute of Technology Pasadena Calif USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_70_2","unstructured":"FogelD. B. FogelD. B.andAtmarJ. W. An analysis of evolutionary programming Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming 1992 La Jolla Calif USA Evolutionary Programming Society 43\u201351."},{"volume-title":"Evolutionary Computation","year":"1995","author":"Fogel D. B.","key":"e_1_2_15_71_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_72_2","unstructured":"BackT. RudolphG. andSchwefelH. P. FogelD. B.andAtmarW. Schwefel evolutionary programming and evolutionary strategies: similarities and differences Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming 1993 La Jolla Calif USA 11\u201322."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_73_2","unstructured":"ReynoldsR. G. SebaldA. V.andFogelL. J. An introduction to cultural algorithms Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming 1994 World Scientific 131\u2013139."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_74_2","first-page":"219","volume-title":"New Ideas in Optimization","author":"Moscato P.","year":"1999"},{"volume-title":"The Selfish Gene","year":"1976","author":"Dawkins R.","key":"e_1_2_15_75_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_76_2","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Foundations of Genetic Algorithms","author":"Grefenstette J. J.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_77_2","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Foundations of Genetic Algorithms","author":"Whitley L. D.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_78_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"Punctuated equilibria in genetic search","volume":"5","author":"Vose M.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Complex Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01530781"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_80_2","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Foundations of Genetic Algorithms","author":"Whitley D.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195131581.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_82_2","unstructured":"KennedyJ.andEberhartR. Particle swarm optimization Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks December 1995 Perth Wash USA 1942\u20131948 2-s2.0-0029535737."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_83_2","unstructured":"ShiY.andEberhartR. A modified particle swarm optimizer Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation (ICEC \u203298) May 1998 Anchorage Alaska USA 69\u201373 2-s2.0-0031700696."},{"volume-title":"Swarm Intelligence","year":"2001","author":"Kennedy J.","key":"e_1_2_15_84_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.985692"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2004.826067"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_87_2","first-page":"373","article-title":"Towards a network theory of the immune system","volume":"125","author":"Jerne N. K.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Annales d\u2019Immunologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.8281"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0887-62"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-83935-1_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_91_2","series-title":"A Waddington Memorial Conference","first-page":"112","volume-title":"Theoretical Biology: Epigenetic and Evolutionary Order","author":"Varela F.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2002.1011539"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.867862"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_94_2","unstructured":"DorigoM. ManiezzoV. andColorniA. Positive feedback as a search strategy Technical Report 1991 no. 91-016 Dipartimento di Elettronica Politecnico di Milano Milan Italy."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.585892"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/106454699568728"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1290.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BilchevG.andParmeeI. C. FogartyT. C. The ant colony metaphor for searching continuous design spaces Proceedings of the AISB Workshop on Evolutionary Computing 1995 Sheffield UK Springer 25\u201339 LNCS 993.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-60469-3_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZimmermannH. J.andSebastianH. J. Intelligent system design support by fuzzy-multi-criteria decision making and\/or evolutionary algorithms Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems 1995 Yokohama Japan 367\u2013374.","DOI":"10.1109\/FUZZY.1995.409705"},{"volume-title":"Neural Networks for Optimization and Signal Processing","year":"1992","author":"Cichocki A.","key":"e_1_2_15_100_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_101_2","unstructured":"SchafferJ. D. Some experiments in machine learning using vector evaluated genetic algorithms Ph.D. thesis 1984 Vanderbilt University Press Nashville Tenn USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1994.2.3.221"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DebK. AgrawalS. PratapA. andMeyarivanT. SchoenauerM. DebK.et al. A fast elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm for multi-objective optimization: NSGA-II Proceedings of the Parallel Problem Solving from Nature (PPSN \u203200) 2000 Springer 849\u2013858.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45356-3_83"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HornJ. NafpliotisN. andGoldbergD. E. A niched pareto genetic algorithm for multiobjective optimization 1 Proceedings of the 1st IEEE Conference Evolutionary Computation IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence 1994 Orlando Fla USA 82\u201387.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEC.1994.350037"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.797969"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CorneD. W. KnowlesJ. D. andOatesM. J. SchoenauerM. DebK.et al. The pareto envelope-based selection algorithm for multiobjective optimisation Proceedings of the Parallel Problem Solving from Nature (PPSN \u203200) 2000 Springer 839\u2013848.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45356-3_82"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/106365600568167"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_108_2","unstructured":"ZitzlerE. LaumannsM. andThieleL. SPEA2: improving the strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm TIK-Report 2001 no. 103 Department of Electrical Engineering Swiss Federal Institute of Technology."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/106365600568185"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2003.819419"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1993.1.2.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1997.5.1.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_113_2","unstructured":"MenczerF.andBelewR. K. Local selection Proceedings of the 7th International Conference Evolution Programming 1998 San Diego Calif USA Springer 703\u2013712 LNCS 1447."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2887.003.0018","volume-title":"Evolutionary Programming","author":"Michalewicz Z.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s005000050035","article-title":"Fuzzy evolutionary computing","volume":"2","author":"Pedrycz W.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Soft Computing"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_116_2","unstructured":"LeeM. A.andTakagiH. Dynamic control of genetic algorithms using fuzzy logic techniques Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms (ICGA \u201993) 1993 Urbana-Champaign Ill USA 76\u201383."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-002-0238-y","article-title":"Fuzzy adaptive genetic algorithms: design, taxonomy, and future directions","volume":"7","author":"Herrera F.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soft Computing"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-111X(199612)11:12<1013::AID-INT1>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_119_2","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Foundations of Genetic Algorithms","author":"De Jong K.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/72.363466"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/71.663870"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19960812","article-title":"Codebook design in vector quantisation using a hybrid system of parallel simulated annealing and evolutionary selection","volume":"32","author":"Delport V.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electronics Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19980546","article-title":"Parallel simulated annealing and evolutionary selection for combinatorial optimisation","volume":"34","author":"Delport V.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electronics Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19980213","article-title":"Population-oriented simulated annealing technique based on local temperature concept","volume":"34","author":"Cho H. J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electronics Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521\u2010004\u20100404\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HancockP. J. B. WhitleyD.andSchafferJ. D. Genetic algorithms and permutation problems: a comparison of recombination operators for neural net structure specification Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Combinations of Genetic Algorithms and Neural Networks (COGANN \u203292) 1992 Baltimore Md USA 108\u2013122.","DOI":"10.1109\/COGANN.1992.273944"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/72.572107"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_128_2","unstructured":"MontanaD. J.andDavisL. SridharaN. Training feedforward networks using genetic algorithms Proceedings of the 11th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence 1989 Detroit Mich USA Morgan Kaufmann 762\u2013767."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.506416"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_130_2","first-page":"495","article-title":"How learning can guide evolution","volume":"1","author":"Hinton G. E.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Complex Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1993.1.3.213"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_132_2","series-title":"LNCS 866","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Parallel Problem Solving from Nature III","author":"Whitley L. D.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00198482"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_134_2","first-page":"461","article-title":"Designing neural networks using genetic algorithms with graph generation system","volume":"4","author":"Kitano H.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Complex Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_135_2","series-title":"Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5236.001.0001","volume-title":"Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition","author":"Rumelhart D. E.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925\u20102312(00)00302\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009684907680"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_138_2","unstructured":"FahlmanS. E. TouretzkyD. S. HintonG. E. andSejnowskiT. Fast learning variations on back-propation: an empirical study Proceedings of the 1988 Connectionist Models Summer School 1988 Pittsburgh Pa USA Morgan Kaufmann 38\u201351."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925\u20102312(96)00009\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChalmersD. J. TouretzkyD. S. ElmanJ. L. andHintonG. E. The evolution of learning: an experiment in genetic connectionism Proceedings of the 1990 Connectionist Models Summer School 1990 Morgan Kaufmann 81\u201390.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-1448-1.50014-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_141_2","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Complex Systems","author":"Baxter J.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GuoZ.andUhrigR. E. WhitleyD.andSchafferJ. D. Using genetic algorithms to select inputs for neural networks Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Combinations of Genetic Algorithms and Neural Networks (COGANN \u203292) 1992 Baltimore Md USA 223\u2013234.","DOI":"10.1109\/COGANN.1992.273937"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019747726343"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_144_2","first-page":"283","volume-title":"Genetic Algorithms for Pattern Recognition","author":"Cooper M. G.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-585-28000-4_12","volume-title":"Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems","author":"Nyberg M.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/91.251926"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/91.705506"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.873236"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/91.995122"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2004.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(98)00095-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2003.817853"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-03563-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-56196-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04461-2","volume-title":"Quantum Computing","author":"Hirvensalo M.","year":"2001"},{"volume-title":"Emergent Computation","year":"1991","author":"Forrest S.","key":"e_1_2_15_156_2"}],"container-title":["Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/acisc\/2011\/938240.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/acisc\/2011\/938240.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2011\/938240","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T21:37:43Z","timestamp":1741815463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2011\/938240"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Miin-Shen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2011\/938240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2011\/938240","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1687-9724"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1687-9732"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-03-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-08-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-10-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"938240"}}