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A backbone network in the form of a cluster tree further enhances routing, broadcasting, and in-network processing. We propose a configurable top-down cluster and cluster-tree formation algorithm, a cluster-tree self-optimization phase, a hierarchical cluster addressing scheme, and a routing scheme. Such self-organization makes it possible to effectively deliver messages to a sink as well as within the network. For example, a circular sensor field with a sink in the center can establish cross-links and circular-paths within the cluster tree to deliver messages through shorter routes while reducing hotspots and consequently increasing network lifetime. Cluster and cluster-tree formation algorithm is independent of physical topology, and does not require a priori neighborhood information, location awareness, or time synchronization. Algorithm parameters allow for formation of cluster trees with desirable properties such as controlled breadth\/depth, uniform cluster size, and circular clusters. Characteristics of clusters, cluster tree, and routing are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the schemes over existing techniques. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/940751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,15]],"date-time":"2011-06-15T19:35:08Z","timestamp":1308166508000},"page":"940751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Top-Down Clustering and Cluster-Tree-Based Routing Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"H. M. N. Dilum","family":"Bandara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}]},{"given":"Anura P.","family":"Jayasumana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}]},{"given":"Tissa H.","family":"Illangasekare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-2011-940751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2002.804190"},{"key":"B2-2011-940751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2004.41"},{"key":"B3-2011-940751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2008.07.002"},{"key":"B4-2011-940751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/itj.2009.28.38"},{"key":"B5-2011-940751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIINFS.2007.4579240"},{"key":"B6-2011-940751","first-page":"154","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks","author":"Chan H."},{"key":"B7-2011-940751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2006.113"},{"key":"B8-2011-940751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2009.09.004"},{"key":"B9-2011-940751","first-page":"1713","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Computer Communications (IEEE INFOCOM '03)","volume":"3","author":"Bandyopadhyay S."},{"key":"B10-2011-940751","first-page":"2009","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium","author":"Manjeshwar A."},{"key":"B11-2011-940751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2009.02.004"},{"key":"B12-2011-940751","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2009.2022936"},{"key":"B13-2011-940751","unstructured":"Bandara H. 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