{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:47:28Z","timestamp":1792036048526,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Mycoplasma genitalium<\/jats:italic>is a sexually transmitted pathogen that is increasingly identified among women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Although<jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>frequently cause PID, up to 70% of cases have an unidentified etiology. This paper summarizes evidence linking<jats:italic>M. genitalium<\/jats:italic>to PID and its long-term reproductive sequelae. Several PCR studies have demonstrated that<jats:italic>M. genitalium<\/jats:italic>is associated with PID, independent of gonococcal and chlamydial infection. Most have been cross-sectional, although one prospective investigation suggested that<jats:italic>M. genitalium<\/jats:italic>was associated with over a thirteenfold risk of endometritis. Further, a nested case-control posttermination study demonstrated a sixfold increased risk of PID among<jats:italic>M. genitalium<\/jats:italic>positive patients. Whether or not<jats:italic>M. genitalium<\/jats:italic>upper genital tract infection results in long-term reproductive morbidity is unclear, although tubal factor infertility patients have been found to have elevated<jats:italic>M. genitalium<\/jats:italic>antibodies. Several lines of evidence suggest that<jats:italic>M. genitalium<\/jats:italic>is likely resistant to many frequently used PID treatment regimens. Correspondingly,<jats:italic>M. genitalium<\/jats:italic>has been associated with treatment failure following cefoxitin and doxycycline treatment for clinically suspected PID. Collectively, strong evidence suggests that<jats:italic>M. genitalium<\/jats:italic>is associated with PID. Further study of<jats:italic>M. genitalium<\/jats:italic>upper genital tract infection diagnosis, treatment and long-term sequelae is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/959816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,25]],"date-time":"2011-12-25T21:01:02Z","timestamp":1324846862000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["<i>Mycoplasma genitalium<\/i>: An Emerging Cause of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2011","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9849-7865","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catherine L.","family":"Haggerty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1737-8435","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brandie D.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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