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To address this issue, we challenged BEC using multiple toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands as well as autologous liver infiltrating mononuclear cells (LMNC) with subsequent measurement of BEC phenotype and chemokine production and LMNC chemotaxis by quantifying specific chemokines, specially CX3CL1 (fractalkine). We submit the hypothesis that BEC are in fact the innocent victims of the autoimmune injury and that the adaptive immune response is critical in PBC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/102839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,20]],"date-time":"2011-09-20T10:58:45Z","timestamp":1316516325000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Fractalkine and Other Chemokines in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0104-2678","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shinji","family":"Shimoda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Selmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, via A. 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