{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T00:35:27Z","timestamp":1773534927227,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,24]],"date-time":"2012-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343088000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NovaMedTech"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Advances in Artificial Neural Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Most attempts at training computers for the difficult and time-consuming task of sleep stage classification involve a feature extraction step. Due to the complexity of multimodal sleep data, the size of the feature space can grow to the extent that it is also necessary to include a feature selection step. In this paper, we propose the use of an unsupervised feature learning architecture called <jats:italic>deep belief nets<\/jats:italic> (DBNs) and show how to apply it to sleep data in order to eliminate the use of handmade features. Using a postprocessing step of hidden Markov model (HMM) to accurately capture sleep stage switching, we compare our results to a feature-based approach. A study of anomaly detection with the application to home environment data collection is also presented. The results using raw data with a deep architecture, such as the DBN, were comparable to a feature-based approach when validated on clinical datasets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/107046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,24]],"date-time":"2012-07-24T21:00:19Z","timestamp":1343163619000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":166,"title":["Sleep Stage Classification Using Unsupervised Feature Learning"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"L\u00e4ngkvist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems, \u00d6rebro University, 701 82 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems, \u00d6rebro University, 701 82 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Loutfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems, \u00d6rebro University, 701 82 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2008.07.005","volume":"44","year":"2008","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2004.04.004"},{"issue":"4","key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(69)90086-8","volume":"26","year":"1969","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1996.00201.x","volume":"5","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Sleep Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/19.1.26","volume":"19","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2010.04.007"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2006.18.7.1527"},{"key":"4","volume-title":"Scaling learning algorithms towards AI","year":"2007"},{"key":"1","first-page":"12","volume":"14","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/3\/036015"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089976602760128018"},{"key":"27","year":"1968"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.1999.0099"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.1999.0086"},{"issue":"1","key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/MASSP.1986.1165342","volume":"3","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE ASSP Magazine"},{"key":"12","year":"2010"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2011.04.001"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.09.003"},{"issue":"23","key":"9","first-page":"E215","volume":"101","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2007.05.005"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2010.939038"},{"issue":"3","key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(89)90075-4","volume":"35","year":"1989","journal-title":"Physica D"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00435-2"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(82)90112-2"}],"container-title":["Advances in Artificial Neural Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/archive\/2012\/107046.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/archive\/2012\/107046.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/archive\/2012\/107046.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T03:27:59Z","timestamp":1607570879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/aans\/2012\/107046\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,24]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["107046","107046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/107046","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-7594","1687-7608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-7594","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-7608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,24]]}}}