{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T17:45:51Z","timestamp":1763747151695},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation of 17.12.1981"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Nephrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Secondary hyperparathyroidism (s-HPT) in uremia is characterized by decreased expression in the parathyroids of calcium sensing (<jats:italic>CaR<\/jats:italic>) and vitamin D receptors (<jats:italic>VDR<\/jats:italic>). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is normalized despite low levels of<jats:italic>CaR<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>VDR<\/jats:italic>after experimental reversal of uremia. The expression of<jats:italic>CaR<\/jats:italic>in parathyroid cultures decreases rapidly. Methylation of promoter regions is often detected during epigenetic downregulation of gene expression. Therefore, using an experimental rat model, we examined changes in methylation levels of parathyroid<jats:italic>CaR<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>VDR<\/jats:italic>promoters<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. Uremia was induced by 5\/6 nephrectomy. Melting temperature profiling of<jats:italic>CaR<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>VDR<\/jats:italic>PCR products after bisulfite treatment of genomic DNA from rat parathyroids was performed. Real-time PCR measured expression of<jats:italic>PTH, CaR, VDR<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>klotho<\/jats:italic>genes<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Parathyroids from uremic rats had similar low levels of methylation<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. In culture, a significant downregulation of<jats:italic>CaR, VDR<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>klotho<\/jats:italic>within two hours of incubation was observed, while housekeeping genes remained stable for 24 hours.<jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. In uremic s-HPT and<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, no overall changes in methylation levels in the promoter regions of parathyroid<jats:italic>CaR<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>VDR<\/jats:italic>genes were found. Thus, epigenetic methylation of these promoters does not explain decreased parathyroid expression of<jats:italic>CaR<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>VDR<\/jats:italic>genes in uremic s-HPT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/123576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,11]],"date-time":"2012-10-11T11:14:50Z","timestamp":1349954090000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Epigenetic Methylation of Parathyroid<i>CaR<\/i>and<i>VDR<\/i>Promoters in Experimental Secondary Hyperparathyroidism"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Jacob","family":"Hofman-Bang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrological Department P2132, Rigshospitalet, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Gravesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrological Department P2132, Rigshospitalet, Herlev 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