{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:28:05Z","timestamp":1779236885355,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54 GM088558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 GM088558"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AoE\/M-12\/06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AoE\/M-12\/06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54 GM088558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 GM088558"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AoE\/M-12\/06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AoE\/M-12\/06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Area of Excellence Scheme of the Hong Kong University Grants Committee","award":["U54 GM088558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 GM088558"]}]},{"name":"Area of Excellence Scheme of the Hong Kong University Grants Committee","award":["AoE\/M-12\/06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AoE\/M-12\/06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The epidemiological mechanisms behind the W-shaped age-specific influenza mortality during the Spanish influenza (H1N1) pandemic 1918-19 have yet to be fully clarified. The present study aimed to develop a formal hypothesis: tuberculosis (TB) was associated with the W-shaped influenza mortality from 1918-19. Three pieces of epidemiological information were assessed: (i) the epidemic records containing the age-specific numbers of cases and deaths of influenza from 1918-19, (ii) an outbreak record of influenza in a Swiss TB sanatorium during the pandemic, and (iii) the age-dependent TB mortality over time in the early 20th century. Analyzing the data (i), we found that the W-shaped pattern was not only seen in mortality but also in the age-specific case fatality ratio, suggesting the presence of underlying age-specific risk factor(s) of influenza death among young adults. From the data (ii), TB was shown to be associated with influenza death (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.09<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>), and there was no influenza death among non-TB controls. The data (iii) were analyzed by employing the age-period-cohort model, revealing harvesting effect in the period function of TB mortality shortly after the 1918-19 pandemic. These findings suggest that it is worthwhile to further explore the role of TB in characterizing the age-specific risk of influenza death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/124861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,18]],"date-time":"2012-07-18T20:16:22Z","timestamp":1342642582000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["The Relationship between Tuberculosis and Influenza Death during the Influenza (H1N1) Pandemic from 1918-19"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Welling","family":"Oei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 358GA Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Theoretical Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Nishiura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theoretical Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Level 6, Core F, Cyberport 3, Pokfulam, Hong Kong"},{"name":"PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1201.051254","volume":"12","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1209.05-0979","volume":"12","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1027"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04230"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408290102"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/524065"},{"issue":"1","key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017917","volume":"18","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiologic Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S002572730006871X","volume":"46","year":"2002","journal-title":"Medical History"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322662"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11772-7"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.02.053"},{"issue":"3","key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2000.00565.x","volume":"26","year":"2000","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1408.071313"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1802.102042"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00332.x"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.02.021"},{"key":"17","first-page":"1909","volume":"46","year":"1937","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.2307\/4575056","volume":"34","year":"1919","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"19","year":"1922"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02140555","volume":"44","year":"1920","journal-title":"Beitr Klin Tuberk Spezifisch Tuberk Forsch"},{"key":"21","year":"1943"},{"key":"22","year":"1910","journal-title":"Statistics for the Tuberculosis in Japan from 1900\u201392"},{"issue":"6","key":"23","first-page":"481","volume":"80","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kekkaku"},{"key":"24","year":"1980"},{"issue":"1","key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008661","volume":"143","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/ers.10.24"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70120-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2307\/2736356","volume":"48","year":"1982","journal-title":"Population Index"},{"key":"29","first-page":"20","volume":"110","year":"1919","journal-title":"New York Medical Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"30","first-page":"125","volume":"29","year":"1954","journal-title":"Acta tuberculosea Scandinavica"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2011.8.49"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-111"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.4329","volume":"8","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/9.2.253","volume":"9","year":"1996","journal-title":"Social History of Medicine"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/978901"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.7.677"}],"container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2012\/124861.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2012\/124861.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2012\/124861.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T02:24:46Z","timestamp":1561947886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2012\/124861\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["124861","124861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/124861","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-670X","1748-6718"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-670X","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-6718","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}