{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T07:59:12Z","timestamp":1778399952967,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMMI-0758069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI-0758069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMMI-0747779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI-0747779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004174","name":"Masdar Institute of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMMI-0758069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI-0758069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004174","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004174","name":"Masdar Institute of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMMI-0747779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI-0747779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004174","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004326","name":"Bayer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMMI-0758069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI-0758069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004326","name":"Bayer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMMI-0747779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI-0747779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SAP","award":["CMMI-0758069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI-0758069"]}]},{"name":"SAP","award":["CMMI-0747779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI-0747779"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMMI-0758069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI-0758069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMMI-0747779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI-0747779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Advances in Operations Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Globalization, product proliferation, and fast product innovation have significantly increased the complexities of supply chains in many industries. One of the most important advancements of supply chain management in recent years is the development of models and methodologies for controlling inventory in general supply networks under uncertainty and their widefspread applications to industry. These developments are based on three generic methods: the queueing-inventory method, the lead-time demand method and the flow-unit method. In this paper, we compare and contrast these methods by discussing their strengths and weaknesses, their differences and connections, and showing how to apply them systematically to characterize and evaluate various supply networks with different supply processes, inventory policies, and demand processes. Our objective is to forge links among research strands on different methods and various network topologies so as to develop unified methodologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/126254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,27]],"date-time":"2011-12-27T21:00:43Z","timestamp":1325019643000},"page":"1-34","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Performance Evaluation of Stochastic Multi-Echelon Inventory Systems: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Simchi-Levi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Systems Division, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Supply Chain Management and Marketing Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersy, Newark, NJ 07102, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.41.5.835","volume":"41","year":"1993","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.2.1.68.23267","volume":"2","year":"2000","journal-title":"Manufacturing and Service Operations Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.30.1.7.11616","volume":"30","year":"2000","journal-title":"Interfaces"},{"key":"71","year":"2000"},{"key":"78","volume-title":"Mathematical programming models and methods for production planningand scheduling","volume":"4","year":"1993"},{"key":"55","volume-title":"Optimal policies and simulation-based optimization for capacitated production inventory systems","year":"1998"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5273(98)00247-3"},{"key":"35","volume-title":"Centralized planning models for multi-echelon inventory systems underuncertainty","volume":"4","year":"1993"},{"key":"104","year":"2000"},{"key":"73","year":"2002"},{"key":"50","volume-title":"Supply chain design: safety stock placement and supplychain configuration","year":"2003"},{"key":"52","year":"1963"},{"key":"17","volume-title":"On (R, NQ) policies in serial inventory systems","year":"1998"},{"key":"29","volume-title":"Planning supply chain operations: definition and comparisonof planning concepts","year":"2003"},{"key":"91","volume-title":"Supply chain operations: assemble-to-order systems","year":"2003"},{"key":"9","volume-title":"Supply chain operations: serial and distribution inventory systems","year":"2003"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.16.7.491","volume":"16","year":"1970","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.42.10.1409","volume":"42","year":"1996","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.3800330419","volume":"33","year":"1986","journal-title":"Naval Research Logistics Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.37.1.68","volume":"37","year":"1991","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.16.1.122","volume":"16","year":"1968","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.27.4.717","volume":"27","year":"1979","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"key":"72","first-page":"39","volume":"5","year":"1938","journal-title":"EricssonTechnics"},{"key":"70","year":"2000"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.7.3.362","volume":"7","year":"1959","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.29.1.202","volume":"29","year":"1981","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(97)00152-5","volume":"109","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.38.1.64","volume":"38","year":"1990","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6750(199106)38:3<397::AID-NAV3220380309>3.0.CO;2-3","volume":"38","year":"1991","journal-title":"Naval Research Logistics,"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1060.0302"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.1050.0087"},{"issue":"1","key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(93)E0216-K","volume":"81","year":"1995","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1070.0461","volume":"56","year":"2008","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"key":"57","year":"1995"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6750(199303)40:2<245::AID-NAV3220400208>3.0.CO;2-M","volume":"40","year":"1993","journal-title":"Naval Research Logistics"},{"key":"4","volume-title":"Continuous review policies for multi-level inventory systems with stochastic demand","year":"1993"},{"issue":"5","key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.48.5.686.12403","volume":"48","year":"2000","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.3.1.43.10000","volume":"3","year":"2001","journal-title":"Manufacturing and Service Operations Management"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.1060.0114"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.39.10.1274","volume":"39","year":"1993","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10","first-page":"303","volume":"45","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"8","key":"6","first-page":"661","volume":"29","year":"1997","journal-title":"IIE Transactions"},{"issue":"2","key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.45.2.275","volume":"45","year":"1997","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.40.10.1262","volume":"40","year":"1994","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"96","first-page":"223","volume":"23","year":"1991","journal-title":"International Journal of Production Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01545507","volume":"19","year":"1997","journal-title":"OR Spectrum"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.40.11.1426","volume":"40","year":"1994","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.1.1.77","volume":"1","year":"1999","journal-title":"Manufacturing and Service Operations Management"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.40.1.142","volume":"40","year":"1992","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0221","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.44.12.S221","volume":"44","year":"1998","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.31.10.1247","volume":"31","year":"1985","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.49.5.618.15147","volume":"49","year":"2003","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.46.4.592","volume":"46","year":"1998","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"7","first-page":"S135","volume":"46","year":"1998","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.48.4.646.12421","volume":"48","year":"2000","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.19.3.761","volume":"19","year":"1971","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.3800280407","volume":"28","year":"1981","journal-title":"Naval Research Logistics Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"69","first-page":"472","volume":"20","year":"1973","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.34.2.311","volume":"34","year":"1986","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1040.0265"},{"issue":"1","key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.30.1.69","volume":"30","year":"1984","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.49.1.79.11188","volume":"49","year":"2001","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.42.1.1","volume":"42","year":"1996","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"31","volume-title":"A model for the analysis of system service level in warehouse\/retailer distribution systems: the identical retailer case","year":"1981"},{"issue":"2","key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/07408178708975380","volume":"19","year":"1987","journal-title":"IIE Transactions"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6750(198706)34:3<365::AID-NAV3220340305>3.0.CO;2-P","volume":"34","year":"1987","journal-title":"Naval Research Logistics Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.36.1.57","volume":"36","year":"1988","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(96)00137-3","volume":"96","year":"1997","journal-title":"European Journal of Operational Research"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00100-X"},{"issue":"6","key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.49.6.683.16022","volume":"49","year":"2003","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/07408179508936729","volume":"27","year":"1995","journal-title":"IIE Transactions"},{"issue":"1","key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1030.0167","volume":"50","year":"2004","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.50.5.889.372","volume":"50","year":"2002","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.51.2.292.12781"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07408170590961139"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1040.0146"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010914600116"},{"issue":"3","key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.5.3.230.16033","volume":"5","year":"2003","journal-title":"Manufacturing and Service Operations Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.46.6.831","volume":"46","year":"1998","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.48.4.499.207","volume":"48","year":"2002","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.46.5.739.12043","volume":"46","year":"2000","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-5956.1997.tb00433.x","volume":"6","year":"1997","journal-title":"Production and Operations Management"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.1026"},{"issue":"2","key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.48.2.216.12376","volume":"48","year":"2000","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.20421"},{"key":"37","first-page":"116","volume":"75","year":"1997","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1040.0184"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1050.0394"},{"key":"14","volume-title":"Service level in multi-stage MRP and base-stock controlled production systems","year":"1991"},{"issue":"1","key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.47.1.131","volume":"47","year":"1999","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.40.5.936","volume":"40","year":"1992","journal-title":"Operations Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6750(199602)43:1<41::AID-NAV3>3.0.CO;2-N","volume":"43","year":"1996","journal-title":"Naval Research Logistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1030.0196","volume":"50","year":"2004","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.41.2.263","volume":"41","year":"1995","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.36.3.381","volume":"36","year":"1990","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"105","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Centralized ordering policies in a multi-warehouse system with lead time and random demand","year":"1981"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.51.6.969.24920"},{"key":"38","volume":"2","year":"1971"},{"issue":"1","key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.38.1.156","volume":"38","year":"1990","journal-title":"Operations Research"}],"container-title":["Advances in Operations Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/aor\/2012\/126254.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/aor\/2012\/126254.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/aor\/2012\/126254.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T19:53:20Z","timestamp":1640202800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/aor\/2012\/126254\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"references-count":99,"alternative-id":["126254","126254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/126254","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-9147","1687-9155"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-9147","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-9155","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}