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Several species of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>infect mouse strains, and murine models closely reproduce the cutaneous lesions caused by the parasite in humans. Mouse models have enabled studies on the pathogenesis and effector mechanisms of host resistance to infection. Here, we review the role of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and peroxynitrite (ONOO<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) in the control of parasites by macrophages, which are both the host cells and the effector cells. We also discuss the role of neutrophil-derived oxygen and nitrogen reactive species during infection with<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>. We emphasize the role of these cells in the outcome of leishmaniasis early after infection, before the adaptive T<jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub>-cell immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/203818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,12]],"date-time":"2012-04-12T21:05:45Z","timestamp":1334264745000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Maria F\u00e1tima","family":"Horta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara Pinheiro","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias 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