{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T15:19:09Z","timestamp":1780672749699,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology, Canada"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>High levels of profibrinogenic cytokine transforming factor beta (TGF-<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>), metalloprotease (MMP2), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloprotease 1 (TIMP1) contribute to fibrogenesis in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and in alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD). The aim of our study was to correlate noninvasive serum markers in ALD and HCV patients with various degrees of inflammation and fibrosis in their biopsies.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. Serum cytokines levels in HCV-infected individuals in the presence or absence of ALD were measured. Student's-<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-test with Bonferroni correction determined the significance between the groups.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Both tumor-necrosis-factor- (TNF)-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>and TGF-<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>levels increased significantly with the severity of inflammation and fibrosis. TGF-<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>levels increased significantly in ALD patients versus the HCV patients. Proinflammatory cytokines\u2019 responses to viral and\/or toxic injury differed with the severity of liver inflammation. A combination of these markers was useful in predicting and diagnosing the stages of inflammation and fibrosis in HCV and ALD.<jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. Therapeutic monitoring of TGF-<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>and metalloproteases provides important insights into fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/231210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,22]],"date-time":"2012-02-22T21:01:49Z","timestamp":1329944509000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Markers of Inflammation and Fibrosis in Alcoholic Hepatitis and Viral Hepatitis C"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Manuela G.","family":"Neuman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology, MaRS Discovery Centre, 101 College Street, South Tower, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L7"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Institute of Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, 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