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Recently, renal nerve ablation in humans proved to continuously decrease blood pressure in resistant hypertension. Furthermore, when electrical stimulation was continuously applied to the carotid baroreceptor nerve of human adults, their blood pressure lowered. These findings promoted the concept that the central nervous system may actually be involved in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension, which is closely associated with excess sodium intake. We have demonstrated that endogenous digitalis plays a key role in hypertension associated with excess sodium intake via sympathetic activation in rats. Increased sodium concentration inside the brain activates epithelial sodium channels and the renin\u2010angiotensin\u2010aldosterone system in the brain. Aldosterone releases ouabain from neurons in the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus. Angiotensin II and aldosterone of peripheral origin reach the brain to augment sympathetic outflow. Collectively essential hypertension associated with excess sodium intake and obesity, renovascular hypertension, and primary aldosteronism and pseudoaldosteronism all seem to have a common cause originating from the central nervous system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/242786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,17]],"date-time":"2012-12-17T16:20:39Z","timestamp":1355761239000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Upregulation of the Renin\u2010Angiotensin\u2010Aldosterone\u2010Ouabain System in the Brain Is the Core Mechanism in the Genesis of All Types of Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Hakuo","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-8673.1985.tb00109.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10641968509073614"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(98)00034-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.48.567"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y78-128"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.25.4.878"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60566-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","first-page":"R865","article-title":"Long-term arterial pressure control: an analysis from animal experiments and computer and graphic models","volume":"259","author":"Guyton A. 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