{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:32:19Z","timestamp":1768995139271,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Hindawi Limited","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cinnabar, a naturally occurring mercuric sulfide (HgS), has long been used in Chinese mineral medicine for more than 2000 years. Although mercury is well-known for its toxicity, whether cinnabar induces neurotoxicity, especially in infants and children, is unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore the neurotoxic effects of low-dose of cinnabar (10\u2009mg\/kg\/day) on developing mice. The results revealed neurobehavioral defects in F1-C-Cin group, which were associated with Hg accumulation, increased NO<jats:sub><jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>levels in whole blood, and Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-ATPase activities in brain tissues. F1- and F2-Cin-V groups were found to increase brain Hg contents and prominent neurobehavioral defects compared with F1-C-V group, suggesting that the fetal brain was more susceptible to irreversible effects for cinnabar-induced damage. Moreover, F1- and F2-Cin-Cin groups had severely neurobehavioral dysfunctions, closely correlated with the further alteration of NO<jats:sub><jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>levels and Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-ATPase activities than F1- and F2-C-Cin groups. Effects in F2-Cin-Cin group were more significant than those in F1-Cin-Cin group. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that exposure to low-dose of cinnabar during the perinatal and developmental stages results in irreversible and severe injuries of the neurotoxicity in offspring, and NO<jats:sub><jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>and Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>-ATPase activities may exist potential and useful biomarkers for neurotoxicity-induced by low-doses of mercuric compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/254582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,20]],"date-time":"2012-07-20T01:10:01Z","timestamp":1342746601000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Exposure to Low Dose of Cinnabar (a Naturally Occurring Mercuric Sulfide (HgS)) Caused Neurotoxicological Effects in Offspring Mice"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Chun-Fa","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuan-Jen","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shing-Hwa","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shoei-Yn","family":"Lin-Shiau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"98","reference":[{"issue":"1-2","key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)91470-9","volume":"439","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1080\/03601239509372961","volume":"30","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health\u2014Part B"},{"issue":"10","key":"3","first-page":"602","volume":"15","year":"1990","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199509213331217"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(95)01296-6"},{"key":"6","year":"2005"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2001.120249"},{"issue":"3","key":"8","first-page":"235","volume":"34","year":"1992","journal-title":"Veterinary and Human Toxicology"},{"issue":"5","key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/26.5.286","volume":"26","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10","first-page":"128","volume":"25","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Science Council, Republic of China. 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