{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:11:05Z","timestamp":1788869465683,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parkinson's Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic process that is associated with alteration of glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia. However, the precise mechanisms remain obscure. To better understand neuroinflammation in PD, we focused on glial activation in\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    -synuclein (\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    S) transgenic and related model mice. In the majority of\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    S transgenic mice, astrogliosis was observed concomitantly with accumulation of\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    S during the early stage of neurodegeneration. However, microglia were not extensively activated unless the mice were treated with lipopolysaccharides or through further genetic modification of other molecules, including familial PD risk factors. Thus, the results in\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:mi>\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    S transgenic mice and related model mice are consistent with the idea that neuroinflammation in PD is a double-edged sword that is protective in the early stage of neurodegeneration but becomes detrimental with disease progression.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/271732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,25]],"date-time":"2012-03-25T17:01:04Z","timestamp":1332694864000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders: A Lesson from Genetically Manipulated Mouse Models of\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <mml:mi mathvariant=\"bold\">\u03b1<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    -Synucleinopathies"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Kazunari","family":"Sekiyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuei","family":"Sugama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayo","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akio","family":"Sekigawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-0057, 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