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Cr exists in several oxidation states but the most stable and common forms are Cr(0), Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species. Cr toxicity in plants depends on its valence state. Cr(VI) as being highly mobile is toxic, while Cr(III) as less mobile is less toxic. Cr is taken up by plants through carriers of essential ions such as sulphate. Cr uptake, translocation, and accumulation depend on its speciation, which also conditions its toxicity to plants. Symptoms of Cr toxicity in plants are diverse and include decrease of seed germination, reduction of growth, decrease of yield, inhibition of enzymatic activities, impairment of photosynthesis, nutrient and oxidative imbalances, and mutagenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/375843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,20]],"date-time":"2012-05-20T17:01:06Z","timestamp":1337533266000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":341,"title":["Chromium as an Environmental Pollutant: Insights on Induced Plant Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Helena","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"53","volume":"178","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reviews of Environmental Contamination and 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